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    Lecture-2 - Molecular and Cellular Biology

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    mdeaqub hasan
    The document discusses the structure and function of cells, nucleic acids, DNA, and RNA. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explains DNA replication and the four types of nucleotides. The summary also outlines RNA structure and function, the three main types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), and how RNA differs from DNA.

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    Lecture-2 - Molecular and Cellular Biology

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    mdeaqub hasan
    7 views20 pages
    The document discusses the structure and function of cells, nucleic acids, DNA, and RNA. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explains DNA replication and the four types of nucleotides. The summary also outlines RNA structure and function, the three main types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), and how RNA differs from DNA.

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    Lecture-2- Molecular and Cellular Biology (2)

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    The document discusses the structure and function of cells, nucleic acids, DNA, and RNA. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explains DNA replication and the four types of nucleotides. The summary also outlines RNA structure and function, the three main types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), and how RNA differs from DNA.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7 views20 pages

    Lecture-2 - Molecular and Cellular Biology

    Uploaded by

    mdeaqub hasan
    The document discusses the structure and function of cells, nucleic acids, DNA, and RNA. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explains DNA replication and the four types of nucleotides. The summary also outlines RNA structure and function, the three main types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), and how RNA differs from DNA.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Mollecular and

    Cellular Biology
    Lecture – 2

    Department of CSE, DIU


    CONTENTS
    1. Cell
    - Eukaryotes VS Prokaryotes

    2. Nucleic Acids

    3.1. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA)


    * DNA Structure
    * DNA Replication

    3.2. RiboNucleic Acid (RNA)


    * RNA Structure
    * Major RNA Types
    1. Cell
    Let’s learn about Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
    What is Life made of?
    Cells
    • Fundamental working units of every living system.
    • Cell specialization in multi-cellular organism.
    • Tissues are groups of cells for a particular function.
    • Fourteen major tissue types
    – Bone, muscle, nerve etc.
    • Organs are formed
    • More than 200 different cell types
    – With lots of variety in every sense
    – But the genetic code is same

    Blood Bone Nerve Muscle Fat


    2 types of
    Cells

    1. Eukaryotic Cells
    2. Prokaryotic Cells
    Prokaryotic
    Cells

    ▹Single Cell organism

    ▹Are called Prokaryotes

    ▹No Nucleus

    ▹No other membrane bounded organelles

    ▹One piece of rolled up DNA floating in cellular


    fluid

    ▹Mostly some forms of very ancient Bacteria


    Eukaryotic
    Cells

    • Single or Multi Cell

    • Are called Eukaryotes

    • Have Nucleus

    • Have membrane bounded organelles

    • Have chromosomes inside Nucleus

    • Seen in most of the life forms


    3. Nucleic Acid
    All Life depends on 3
    critical molecules

    • DNAs
    – Hold information on how cell works
    • RNAs
    – Act to transfer short pieces of information to different parts of cell
    – Provide templates to synthesize into protein
    • Proteins
    – Form enzymes that send signals to other cells and regulate gene activity
    – Form body’s major components (e.g. hair, skin, etc.)
    – Are life’s laborers!
    Building Blocks of Nucleic
    acids

    • DNA/RNA are polymeric chain on nucleotides


    • Three parts of Nucleotides
    – a nitrogenous base,
    – a five-carbon-atom sugar and
    – a phosphate group
    Nucleic acids Bases

    • Adenine (A),
    • Guanine (G)
    • Cytosine (C
    • Thymine (T)
    • Uracil (U)
    3.1 DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
    (DNA)
    Carrier of genetic instructions
    DNA Structure
    ▹Double Helix Structure (Watson and Crick,
    Nature 1953)

    ▹Two complimentary antiparallel strands, one


    runs from 5’ to 3’ end and another runs from 3’ to
    5’ end

    ▹3 major parts – Nitrogenous Base, 5-Carbon


    Deoxyribose Sugar and Phosphate Group

    ▹Four nitrogenous bases – Adenine (A), Cytosine


    (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

    ▹A-T is Double Hydrogen Bond and G-C is Triple


    Hydrogen Bond

    ▹DNA is more stable than RNA due to its


    Deoxyribose Sugar Structure
    DNA ▹Initiation
    Replication - Helicase enzyme unwinds DNA strands
    - Replication fork is created
    - RNA Primer is created by Primase enzyme
    - Primer is starting point of elongation
    ▹Elongation
    - New DNA Strand grows 1 base at a time as
    complimentary of leading strand (5’ to 3’)
    - DNA Polymerase enzyme controls it
    - Complimentary strand of lagging strand is
    created in small fragments called Okazaki
    Fragments (3’ to 5’)
    ▹Termination
    - Exonuclease enzyme removes all the
    primer sequences from new strands
    - Again, DNA Polymerase fills the gaps
    - DNA Ligase enzyme seals all the gaps

    * DNA Replication is Semi-Conservative, because, in new sets of DNA, one strand is newly created
    but the other strand comes from the ancestor.
    3.2 RiboNucleic Acid (RNA)
    Protein Coding and Carrier
    RNA Structure
    ▹Single Helix Structure

    ▹Single Strand which generally runs from 5’ to 3’

    ▹3 major parts – Nitrogenous Base, 5-Carbon


    Ribose Sugar and Phosphate Group

    ▹Four nitrogenous bases – Adenine (A), Cytosine


    (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)

    ▹A-U is Double Hydrogen Bond and G-C is


    Triple Hydrogen Bond

    ▹RNA is less stable than DNA due to its Ribose


    Sugar’s structure
    RNA Types

    Messenger RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)


    Transfers specific amino acid Protein and rRNA combinedly forms
    (mRNA) sequence to ribosome to form ribosome
    Carries a genes coding message for
    Protein
    protein from Nucleus to Ribosome

    Non-Coding RNA Catalytic RNA Double Stranded RNA


    Not translated into protein. Ex – Catalyze chemical reaction. Contains complementary strands
    tRNA, rRNA like DNA. Induces gene
    exrpression.
    Reference Video
    https://youtu.be/C1CRrtkWwu0
    https://youtu.be/TNKWgcFPHqw

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