STUDY ON AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM WITH OPTIMIZED

GAIN PARAMETERS

Guided By-Mrs. Bisaya Bhoi Name-Soumya Ranjan Parida

Roll no-1704050014
Assistant Professor Branch-Electrical Engineering
Department of electrical Course-Dual Degree(Int. Btech
& Mtech)
engineering
INTRODUCTION
AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL:
 Automatic generation control (AGC) is primarily responsible for ensuring the smooth
and efficient operation of an electric power system.
 AGC maintain’s the system frequency which has zero steady state error at scheduled
value by keeping the balance between generation and load demand plus losses.
 Non-linearities such as governer deadband,pratical limits on the rate of increase of
turbine output cause oscillations in power system, which an AGC can reduce with
optimized gains.
 When several utilities are interconnected, each will perform its own AGC
independently of the others. 
 In this study we try to understand how frequency bias settings and integral control gain
settings affect the performance of AGC in power system using performance index(PI).
GENERAL AGC MODEL:

TURBINE:

GOVERNER:

GENERATOR:
AGC OF A TWO AREA SYSTEM:
Under steady state operation, the transfer of power over the Ptie can be written as:

Where δ12 = δ1 −δ 2 and X12= X1+ X2+X12 i.e Where E1 and E2 are the magnitudes of the end voltages of
control areas 1 and 2 respectively, and δ1 and δ2 are the voltage angles of E1 and E2, respectively.
AREA CONTROL ERROR:

• The Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is achieved by the area control error (ACE)
which is function of frequency and tie line flow of the system. If one area is changing its load then the
difference represented by load and
generation area is called ACE.

• It guarantees that each area, in steady state, absorbs its own load. In the control strategy each area of an
interconnected system tries to regulate its area control error (ACE) to zero.

• ACE as a function is given as:

• Now,tie-line power deviation can be written as:

• Whenever the ACE is greater than zero, it means that the area is over generating and thus needs either to decrease
generation or to sell more. Likewise, whenever the ACE is less than zero, the area is under generating and thus needs
either to increase generation or to buy more. AGC works to keep the ACE close to zero.
CONSTRAINTS TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION:

• Governer Deadband:
1. Deadband of governor is defined as it is the range of speed, only after which governor starts
responding.
2. Mathematically, It can be said that deadband is inversely proportional to sensitivity of the governor.
3. To avoid the hunting of governor and for stable operations,there should be a limited percentage of
deadband.
4. The nonlinearity due to governor dead band is modeled using the Describing Function, and the
approximate solution for representing backlash is given by:

where, DB is the dead band. For this study, N1 = 0.8 and N2 = -0.2 is considered
• Generation rate constraint:

1. In practical steam turbine systems, due to thermodynamic and mechanical constraints, there is a limit to the
rate at which its output power (dPg/dt) can be changed.This limit is referred to as generator rate constraint
(GRC).

2. In order to project physical constraints, a generation rate limitation of 0.1 p.u. per minute (i.e. 0.00 [7 p.u.
MW per second) for thermal areas and 4.5% per second for hydro unit are considered.
3. The negative effect of GRC becomes more important when it combines with the speed governer
deadband(GDB),and hence system may not regain its nominal value in a specified time(determined by relay
settings) and hence the protective devices and relays react.

4. Presence of both these limit the immediate response of the power system to reject disturbances.
BOILER DYNAMICS:

• The boiler is a device that produces steam under pressure.

•  Oil/gas fired boiler system has been considered, where such boilers respond much quickly during sudden load
demand compare to coal fired units.

• The drum type boiler also called as recirculation boilers. 

• In boiler dynamics, four different control strategies or modes are available. Such as boiler leading, turbine
leading ,coordinated boiler turbine and sliding pressure control.

• In conventional steam units, changes in generation are initiated by turbine control valves and the boiler
controls respond with necessary immediate control action upon sensing changes in steam flow and deviations
in pressure.
• Boiler modes appear only in the time response of the variables inside the boiler control loops.

• The boiler effect on the variables outside the boiler model is negligible.

• Only when the boiler is loaded close to its nominal output is its effect pronounced.
 CONCLUSION:

• The governor dead band is has a considerable effects on the amplitude of oscillations
and its settling time.
• Generator rate constraint is also considered to limit the generator output,which also
has considerable effect as desired area frequency deviation will be deteriorated
• The area frequency and tie-line power oscillation due to small load change are found to
persist for a long time for considering nonlinearity, they are kept as smaller as plausible
by optimizing the gain parameters.
• On the basis of performance index, the optimization of the gain parameters is done.
• Optimization of gain parameters and frequency bias paramters lead to reduction in the
effects caused by the non-linearities such as governer deadband(GB) and governer rate
constraint(GRC),thus leading to better performance of AGC.
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