LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

UNIT IV COMPARATORS AND CONVERTERS

Comparators

Dr. A. Kavithamani
AP/ EEE/ CIT
Comparator

Compares one analogue voltage level with another analogue voltage level, or some preset reference
voltage, VREF and produces an output signal based on this voltage comparison. 
Vo = A Vi
i. Non Inverting Comparator A =ꝏ; Vo= ꝏ; ii. Inverting Comparator

Vo = ± Vsat = ± 80 % Vcc

Vo= + Vsat ; when (V+ > V-)

(or)
(V+ - V-) > 0 REF

REF

Vo= - Vsat ; when (V+ < V-) IN

(or)
(V+ - V-) < 0
Comparator – Transfer Characteristics

(V+ - V-)
2 mV
(V+ - V-)

Vo= + Vsat ; when (V+ > V-) (or) (V+ - V-) > 0

Vo= - Vsat ; when (V+ < V-) (or) (V+ - V-) < 0
Inverting Comparator

REF

IN

Vo= + Vsat ; when (V+ > V-) (or) Vref > Vi

Vo= - Vsat ; when (V+ < V-) (or) Vref < Vi

Non Inverting Comparator

Vo= + Vsat ; when (V+ > V-) (or) Vi > Vref

Vo= - Vsat ; when (V+ < V-) (or) Vi < Vref

Comparator – Output is independent of
Supplying Voltage

Z2

Z1

Vo= + Vsat ; Vo = Vz1 +VD ; when (V+ > V-) (or) Vi > Vref

Vo= - Vsat ; Vo = - (Vz2 +VD ); when (V+ < V-) (or) Vi < Vref
Zero Crossing Detector

Vz2
Schmitt Trigger

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Schmitt Trigger

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Schmitt Trigger

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Schmitt Trigger

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Schmitt Trigger

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Schmitt Trigger

provides noise immunity

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 Va2

Va2
Va1
Va

Va2
Va1= R2/(R1+R2) Vout Va2= R1/(R1+R2) VR

By superposition theorem
Va = Va1 +Va2 ; Va =R2/(R1+R2) Vout + R1/(R1+R2) VR
when Vin<Va, Vout = Vsat;
Va =R2/(R1+R2) Vsat + R1/(R1+R2) VR = VUT ; Vin is compared with VUT ; as long as Vin < VUT , Vout = Vsat;
when Vin > VUT ;Vout = -Vsat and hence
Va =R2/(R1+R2) (-Vsat) + R1/(R1+R2) VR = VLT; Vin is compared with VLT ; as long as Vin > VLT , Vout = -Vsat;
when Vin < VLT ;Vout = Vsat
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Schmitt Trigger

VLT VUT

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Waveform Generators – Square Wave generator

❖ When power is turn ON, Vo automatically swings either to +Vsat or to -Vsat since these are the only stable

states allowed by the schmitt trigger. Assume it swings to +Vsat.

❖ With Vo = +Vsat we have V+ = R1Vsat/(R1+R2) = βVsat =VUT 

❖ And capacitor starts charging towards +Vsat through Rf .

❖ As long as the capacitor voltage VC is less than VUT, the output voltage remains at +Vsat. 16
Waveform Generators – Square Wave generator

❖ As soon as VC charges to a value slightly greater than VUT,

❖ V->V+; This switches the output voltage from +Vsat to -Vsat 

❖ As Vo switches to -Vsat, V-  = -R1Vsat/(R1+R2) = -βVsat = VLT

❖ capacitor starts discharging via Rf, 

❖ When VC becomes slightly more negative than the feedback voltage VLT, output voltage Vo switches back to +Vsat17.
Square Wave generator -Frequency of Oscillations
 

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Waveform Generators – Square Wave generator
 
Frequency of Oscillations

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Waveform Generators – Triangular Wave generator

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Precision Rectifier

Effective forward voltage across the diode

VF/ AOL = 0.7/10000 =0.0000007 =0

Super diode / Precision Diode

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Precision Rectifier

Assume that for the given input voltage diode is

conducting .

Assume that for the given input

voltage diode is not conducting .

Limitation: When the input voltage becomes positive

op amp should become positive. But op amp takes some
time to come out of this –Vsat and give positive output.
For low frequencies it is not a big problem. But at higher
frequencies say >50 kHz, output gets distorted.
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Precision Rectifier - HWR

Op amp is prevented from going into the negative saturation

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Precision Rectifier

For a moment assume that the diode is conducting. Therefore a closed path occurs between output and
inverting terminal. Therefore the op amp operates in linear region. We can apply the concept of virtual
ground.

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Precision Rectifier - FWR

Vo1
Vo=-Vo1 = Vi

Vo1 = -Vi

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Precision Rectifier - FWR

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Sample and Hold Circuit

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Positive Clipper

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Positive Clipper

Vi < Vref; VoA= -ve; D is FB; Voltage follower; Vo =Vi;

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Positive Clipper

Vi < Vref; VoA= -ve; D is FB; Voltage follower; Vo =Vi;

Vi > Vref; VoA= +ve; D is RB; OC; Vo = Vref; 31
Negative Clipper

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Positive Clamper

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Positive Clamper

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Positive Clamper

Vm+Vref

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Negative Clamper

Vm+Vref

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Peak Detector

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Logarithmic Amplifier

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Temperature Compensated
Log amp

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Antilogarithmic Amplifier

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Multiplier

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Multiplier

AD 533

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Divider

Va

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Digital to analog converters

● Weighted Resistor type

● R-2R ladder type
● Inverted R- 2R ladder type

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Digital to analog converters -Weighted Resistor type

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Digital to analog converters -Weighted Resistor type

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wide range of resistors are required

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R-2R ladder type DAC

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Analog to digital converter

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Types of ADC

I . Direct type ADC - Requires S/H Circuit

1. Flash Type or Parallel Comparator Type ADC
2. Counter Type ADC
3. Servo Tracking Type ADC
4. Successive Approximation Type ADC

II. Integrating type - Does not require S/H Circuit(output is proportional to

the value of the input averaged over the integration period)
1. Charge Balancing Type ADC
2. Dual Slope Type ADC

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1. Flash Type or Parallel
Comparator Type

Number of comparators required almost

doubles for each added bit
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2. Counter Type ADC

For every new conversion counter

starts from zero.
very slow

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3. Servo Tracking Type ADC - improved version of
counter type

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4. Successive Approximation Type ADC

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1. Charge Balancing type ADC

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Recent - Google Drive

2. Dual Slope type ADC Vo1

Vo
2
3

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TiBajamyBGyrugj2EVZ4mUA7GcrdoVen/view?usp=sharing

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