Conditional Execution

Let us calculate income tax

Write a program to read the income and print
income tax, using following rules.
If income is ≤180,000, then tax=0
If 180,000< income≤ 500,000, then tax is 10% of
(income -180,000)
If 500,000 < income≤800,000, then tax is
32,000+20% of (income-500,000)
If income>800,000, then tax=92,000 +30% of
(income-800,000 )
 Basic if statement
• Form
If (condition) consequent
• Condition: boolean expression
• Boolean: should evaluate to “true” or “false”
• Consequent : C++ statement, eg : assignment
• Consequent could also be a block {...}
o If condition evaluates to true, then the consequent is
executed.
o If condition evaluates to false, then the consequent is
ignored
 Conditions
• Simple condition: exp1 relop exp2
Relop : relational operator
• <: less than. <= less than equal to. == equal to
• >: greater than. >=greater than equal to. !=not
equal to
• Condition is considered true if exp 1 relates to exp 2
as per the specified relational operator
• Eg:x=5,y=10,z=100
• x == y , false
 Flowchart
• Pictorial representation of a program.
• Statement put inside boxes.
• If box C will possibly executed after box B,
then put an arrow from B to C.
• Convenient for showing conditional execution
because there can be more than one “next”
statement
If statement - Flowchart
 Example
{
Float income;
Cin >> income;
If (income<=180000)
Cout<<“No tax owed.”<<endl;
If (income>180000)
Cout<<“You owe tax”<<endl;
}
//Always checks both conditions
//If first condition is true we know second is false and vice versa.
But it checks both the statement under all conditions
 Another form of ‘if’
• If (condition) consequent
else alternate
• The condition is first evaluated
• If it is true, then consequent is executed.
• If condition is false, then alternate is executed.
If else flowchart
 Example
{
Float income;
If(income<=180000)
Cout<<“no tax owed”<<endl;
Else
Cout<<“you owe a tax”<<endl;
}
//Only one condition check. Thus, more efficient than
previous
 Most general form of ‘if’
If (condition1) consequent 1
Else if(condition 2) consequent 2
......
Else if (condition n) consequent n
Else alternate //optional
• Evaluates conditions in order
• Some condition true: execute corresponding consequent.
• All condition false: execute alternate if specified
Flowchart
 Example: Tax calculation
Float tax, income;
Cin>>income;
If (income<=180000)
tax=0;
else if (income<=500000)
Tax=(income-180000)*0.1;
else if (income<=800000)
Tax=(income-500000)*0.2+32000;
Else
Tax=(income-800000)*0.3+92000;
Cout<<tax<<endl;
}
 Error
Float tax,income;
Cin>>income;
If (income<=180000)
tax=0;
if (income<=500000)
Tax=(income-180000)*0.1;
if (income<=800000)
Tax=(income-500000)*0.2+32000;
Else
Tax=(income-800000)*0.3+92000;
Cout<<tax<<endl;
}
 More general form of condition
Sometimes we might want to do something if two
conditions are true or one of the two conditions are true.
Compound conditions:
• AND: condition1 && condition2 : true only if both true
• OR : condition 1||condition2 : true only if at least one is
true
• NOT: !condition: true only if only condition is false
• Components of compound conditions may themselves be
compound conditions
Eg : Condition1 && (condition2||condition3)
 Example
• If ((income>180000) &&(income<=500000))
Tax=(income-180000)*0.1;
Same condition may be expressed in many ways
• (income>180000) is same as !
(income<180000)
 Precedence
• ! Has higher precedence than && which has
higher precedence than ||
Example:
!P && Q || R
((!P) && Q)||R
 Switch statement
General form:
Switch(expression)
{
Case constant1:
Group(1) statement usually ending with break;
Case constant2:
Group(2) statement usually ending with break;
Default:
Default group of statements;
}
• Expressions and constants must be integer
 Execution
• The expression is evaluated
• The resulting value is compared with constant1, constant 2
• If some constant 1 is found equal then
• All the statements starting with group(1) are executed till
the end of switch statement. If a break statement is found,
then execution stops.
• If any group of statement does not contain a break
statement then next group is executed.
• If no constant is found equal to the expression then the
default group of statement is executed
 Logical data
• C++ has a data type bool into which values of
conditions can be stored.
• Bool is named after George bool, who
formalized the manipulation of
conditions/logical data.
 Data type-bool
• Bool highincome, lowincome;
• Defines highincome and lowincome of type
bool
o Highincome=(income>800000);
o Bool fun=true;
• Will set highincome to true if the variable
income contains value larger than 800000
• True and false: boolean constants
 Program to check if a given number ‘n’ is a
prime
{
Int n, divisor=2; cin>>n;
Bool divisorfound=false; //no divisor for n found so for.
Repeat(n-2)
{
If(n%divisor==0)
Divisorfound=true;
Cout<<divisorfound;
Divisor=divisor+1;

}
If(!divisorfound)
Cout<<“Prime.\n”;
Else cout<<“Composite.\n”;
}