TELECOMMUNICATIONS
FUNDAMENTALS
DCE208
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MODULE 1 PART 1
• COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• TRANSMITTER
• RECEIVER
• BASIC PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSION LINK
• HOW LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION IS POSSIBLE
• ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSIONS
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
A communication system carries information from
one system to another.
Telecommunication is a communication at a
distance.
A Telecommunication system is an integrated
platform for conveyance of information from one
point to another which may be close or
geographically remote.
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GENERIC MODEL OF
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
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ELEMENTS OF COM SYSTEM
• Signal
* Electric voltage & current that varies with
time
* Used to carry message/information
• Message is in the form of characters or coded
symbols
• When messages are converted into signals, they can
be transmitted & received easily without problems 5
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OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION
• Telecommunication is a wide field covering both wired and wireless
communications
• The channel of communication depends on the mode of propagation
(ground, sky, satellite)
• The channel can be physical or wireless
• Physical channel (wire, cable coax, fiber)
• Wireless channel (microwave, radio-wave, satellite-wave)
• Power line (PHCN) can also be used to transmit messages
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TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER
• TRANSMITTER has 2 main functions:
* Generation of electric signals
* Conversion & adaptation of signals to the channel
- Frequency conversion, filtering, amplification &
transmission
• RECEIVER performs the reverse operation to
get back the transmitted message
* Design is complex & costly because of the
detection is a complex process
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TRANSMISSION LINK
• A communication link consists of three elements:
* Message generation & reception devices,
* Transmission components
* Repeaters
• Message source and sink
• Transmission components:
* Transmitter, channel & receiver
• Repeater is placed at suitable places on the link to either:
* Just amplify a signal – Analog (distortion + noise accumulation)
* Amplify and reconstruct a signal – Digital (error accumulation)
Digital regenerative repeaters do equalization, timing & decision making
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LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION
• Long distance transmission of information carrying
signals is possible because of 2 techniques:
• Modulation – impressing low frequency
information signal (sight,
sound, code, music or other
data ) onto a carrier of high-
frequency radio wave
• Demodulation – recovery of intelligence from a
modulated information signal
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ANALOG & DIGTAL TRANSMISSION
Analog/digital signal is transmitted in 2 ways :
1. Baseband transmission – Transmission of (analog/digital) signal without
modulation using a low-pass channel with an infinite or very wide
bandwidth.
* Single channel bandwidth that allows any 2 computer
systems to communicate (multiple connected systems - 2 at a time)
2. Broadband transmission – Transmission of (digital/analog) signal
with modulation of higher frequency signal using a bandpass
channel with a bandwidth.
* Multiple channels bandwidth that allows simultaneous
communication of multiple computer systems
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TRANSMISSION MODES
Different communication channels are:
Bandpass channel – passes a range of frequencies (f1 through f2)
Low (High) pass channel – passes low (high) frequency and rejects
high (low) frequency signals, i.e., signals < f1 (> f1 )
Bandstop channel – passes frequencies below & above the lower &
higher frequencies of a selected band
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REVISION OF MODULE 1 PART 1
• COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• ELEMENTS IN COMMUNICATION
• TRANSMITTER
• RECEIVER
• BASIC PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSION LINK
• HOW LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION IS POSSIBLE
• ANALOG AND DIGITAL TRANSMISSIONS
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MODULE 1 PART 2
• INTRODUCTION TO MODULATION
• CARRIER SIGNAL
• PRINCIPLE OF MODULATION & DETECTION
• CONCEPT OF MODULATION & DEMODULATION
• TYPES OF MODULATION
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MODULATION
• Modulation is the process of combining an audio-
frequency (AF) low-frequency baseband signal with a
radio-frequency (RF) high-frequency carrier wave (CW)
or
• Changing a radio-frequency (RF) carrier wave with AF
signal for the purpose of long distance transmission.
• The process takes place at the transmitter station
• The AF signal retains all its information content
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MODULATION PROCESS
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ELEMENTS MODULATED
• Some characteristic (amplitude, frequency or
phase) of the CW is varied in time with the
modulating signal (AF)
* The CW element fluctuations depend on the
corresponding characteristic of audio signal
* The rate at which these fluctuations take place
depends on the frequency of the audio signal.
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REASONS FOR MODULATION
Information baseband (or source) signal (audio, video, etc)
cannot be transmitted directly because:
1.Its bandwidth is large compared to a centre frequency
resulting in significant frequency distortion which cannot be
compensated
2.It lies outside transmission band frequency the media
3.It does not fully utilize channel capacity to facilitate signal
transmission
4.It has relatively a short range
5.Transmitting these low-frequency signals directly results in
mutual interference which renders all signals ineffective
6. Very large antennas required for its radiation
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BENEFITS OF MODULATION
• Ease of radiation with smaller antennas
• Multiplexing multiple signals on a common channel
• Frequency allocation to enable different signals broadcast at
different carrier frequencies
• Overcome equipment limitation via signals translation to
locations that meet design requirements
• Reduce distortion and interference information signals
• Get long distance transmission at full channel capacity
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CARRIER WAVE (CW)
• Is a high-frequency (electromagnetic) undamped radio-
frequency (RF) signal produced by oscillators
• It has the following characteristics:
* constant amplitude
* Travels with the speed of light
* inaudible (cannot produce any sound in the receiver’s
loudspeaker)
• Its function is to carry information signals (audio or video)
from transmitter to the receiver
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TYPES OF MODULATION
• Analog Modulation Technique (signal is transmitted
continuously with time):
* Amplitude (Envelope) modulation (AM)
* Frequency modulation (FM)
* Phase modulation (PM)
• Digital Modulation Technique (discrete samples of the
signal are transmitted at intervals):
* Pulse code modulation (PCM)
* Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
* Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
* Quadrature Phase Keying (QPK)
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Thank You
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