THE DIFFERENT

LITERARY GENRES
 OBJECTIVES:

1. Identify the different literary genres

2. Recognize elements and structures of each
genre.
3. Write a memoir using literary language.
Genre Sub–genre Elements Structure
Poetry Written in lines
and stanzas
2 lines –couplet
 Lyric  Rhyme
3 lines –tercet
 Dramatic  Meter
4 lines –quatrain
 Narrative  Figurative
5 lines –cinquain
devices 6 lines –sestet
 Symbolism 7 lines –septet
8 lines –octave
 Genre Subgenre Elements Structure

Fiction Fantasy Plot Written in

Folklore Characters paragraphs
Mystery Theme
Suspense or thriller Setting
Historical Fiction Point of View
Science Fiction Literary
Romance Devices
Genre Sub genre Elements Structure

Nonfiction Biography Plot Written in

Autobiography Character paragraphs
Memoir Setting
Testimonio Point of
Journal View
Diary Literary
Devices
Genre Sub Elements Structure
Genre
Drama Literary Element –
Script
Tragedy Technical Element –
scenery / set The script serves as
Comedy Make–up text, and it is performed
Costume before an audience
Lights and Sound
Performance Element
–
Acting
Character Analysis
Character Motivation
POETRY
Poetry is one of the earliest genres of
literature.
It was either recited or sang in prehistoric
times to call for help from the deity, to
narrate the hero’s life and victory, to tell
about the love story of their rulers, and to
describe someone who inspires the poet.
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY

1. Rhyme is the identical

rhyme if the last words or
sounds match each other.
RHYME SCHEME: ABBA
STRUCTURE: QUATRAIN
TITLE: IN MEMORIAM
POET: ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON

Forgive these wild and wandering cries, A 1

Confusions of a wasted youth; B 2
Forgive them where they fail in truth, B 3
An in thy wisdom, make me wise. A 4
RHYME SCHEME: AABA
STRUCTURE: QUATRAIN
TITLE: STOPPING BY WOODS ON A SNOWY EVENING
POET: ROBERT FROST

Whose woods these are I think I know. A1

His house is in the village though; A2
He will not see me stopping here B3
To wathc his woods fill up with snow. A4
2. Meter is also called the rhythm in poetry. It is
the pattern of beats – stressed and unstressed
syllables in a line. It is also known as foot.
Four basic rhythms in poetry:
a. Iambic
b. Trochee
c. Anapest
d. Dactyl
3. Imagery and Symbolism

It employs figurative language to

creatively express emotions, feelings
and ideas.
Metaphor – direct comparison of two unlike
things.
Ex. This man is a lion.
Simile – two unlike things being compared using
“as” or “like.”
Ex. This man is as strong as a lion.
Onomatopoeia – words that imitate a sound.
Ex. The gushing of wind and gnashing of teeth
make me crawl under the bed.
Alliteration – the repetition of the same initail sound
of the words.
Ex. Be brave, be boundless.
Assonance – the resemblance of a sound in words or
syllable.
Ex. Who knows how hollows snore.
Synedoche – a part is made to represent a whole or a
whole to represent a part.
Ex. Hundred heads of cattle bought at a good price.
Personification – giving human attributes to an
object or animal.
Ex. The wind spoke hope and justice.
Hyperbole – exaggerates the meaning of a
sentence.
Ex. I am so thirsty that I could drink an ocean.
• Symbols – is used to convey ideas or things.

Ex. Black – death, failure, end or uncertainty

white rose – purity, freshness, new beginning
sunshine – loved one
Moonset at Central Park Station of St. Paul
Subterranean River National Park
John Iremil E. Teodoro
This morning, after the faint scent
of sea grasses
awakened me,
I followed
the setting moon
in the reefs flats
in front of my
bamboo cottage.
I nearly stepped on
a parrotfish
that was caught
by the low tide.
It was as big
as my slipper.
 I picked
its slimy body
and returned it
to the sea.
In its excitement
it forgot to
thank me.
It didn’t even bother
to look back –
it swam quickly
away from me.
It dived
towards the direction
of the horizon
where the moon
was hiding.
 Perhaps in my next visit
that parrotfish
will surprise me
with a greeting.
It shall brag to me
about its scales painted by
the setting moon.
About the poem:
1. It is free verse.
2. It is unmetered.
3. It has no rhythm . No rhyme.
4. It uses alliteration.
followed, flats, front
bother, back
horizon, hiding
perhaps, parrotfish
5. It employs assonance.

big, slipper
body, forgot
6. It uses symbols.
moon – dreams to fulfilled
horizon – a place to find for good fortune or
good life.
parrotfish – gay, member of LGBTQ
( because of the color of this fish)
- someone passive
- someone who has a very colorful life
- an experienced person
- a person who picks up someone’s else trash
- ungrateful person
FICTION
Fiction is a story of make
believe. It is a story made by
the author’s creative
imagination.
The sub–genres are:

• Fantasy > Historical Fiction

• Mystery Suspense, or thriller > Romance
• Science Fiction
• Folklore –myths, fables, legends
Freytag’s Pyramid

climax

Rising action
Falling action

Exposition
denoument
1. Exposition tells about the background of the
story.
2. Rising Action is the part of the story after the
characters and setting are introduced and events in
the story begin to reveal – the conflict that the
protagonist needs to resolve or solve.
3. Climax is the highest point tension of the story. It is
usually the most interesting part.
4. Falling Action is the part of a story after the climax
and before the end of the story.
5. Denouement is the final outcome of the story and it is
where the secrets are revealed and the conflict was
solved.
• The setting includes the time or period and place
where he event happened. The characters are the
persons, animals or any inanimate objects that
function as protagonist, antagonist and other minor
entities or support that perform the actions, speak the
dialogues and moving the story along a plotline.
• Conflict creates tension in the story and it involves the
struggle between the two opposing forces / characters,
usually the protagonist and the antagonist.
• 2 types of conflict
1. Internal conflict
2. External conflict
Internal conflict is a psychological conflict which
arises when the character experiences two opposite
emotions: love, hate, jealousy – patriotism, devotion,
loyalty, treachery, doubt, disloyalty or two opposite
aspirations: career and marriage, fame, and fortune
and peace of mind which usually involves good and
evil.
• External conflict is the struggle of the
protagonist against outside forces that
hamper his / her progress and hinders
him / her goal.
NONFICTION
Third genre
Nonfiction is a literary genre that tells
about stories that actually happen in
real life.
• Sub–genres:
1. Biography
2. Memoir
3. Autobiography
4. Journals
5. Diaries
 ANOTHER UNIVERSE
BY KURT JOSHUA O. COMENDADOR

He was about my age and about my size.

He first approached us while we were
eating at a cottage at a spring resort.
 “Champorado mo, Ma’am, Sir”, he said “Init
pa.”
Champorado. Chocolate porridge. Still hot.
I declined.
 I watched him as he went on his way,
selling champorado in a small pot to other
resort–goers. He might have more
customers if only he has better container
than peddle an iron pot.
 I took a plunge into the cold. Everything was
a familiar even: The laughter of the persons
around me, the giant flash as a kid cannonballs
into the water, the off–key singing from a
karaoke booth, the jovial mood, and the calming
effect as I float in the spring water.
I always believe that cold waters cleanse
the body and the mind from any stress.
It’s like floating in your own universe, as
I like to describe it.
Then there he was again, walking on top of the
wall that separates the water into smaller pools.
“Champorado. Champorado. Init pa,” he
shouted, hoping someone would buy his hot
champorado.
 “I want to eat some more. Do you like
some champorado?”
I asked my girlfriend.
“No, would you like to buy?”
“We still have siopao in the bag.”
 From the water, I watched him as he peddled his pot. I
noticed that it was not only small, it was also
blackened by soot; he must have used it over open fire
frequently.
We kept swimming after twilight. The people began to
thin down; but he kept on peddling his champorado.
 I let my girlfriend change her clothes first while I sat on
the circular bench nearby. I noticed a guy looking so
miserable, sitting next to me. On his side, on the bench, was
the small, sooty pot. He must be the champorado vendor. I
figured. On his other hand was a slipper. I saw the front
strap broke.
He remorsefully shook his head. I held back tears.
 I watched as he tried reattaching the broken strap.
Unconsciously, I followed him with my eyes as he softly
placed his slippers in the ground. He tried wearing it, but
it immediately broke again. Then I noticed something – he
was wearing two different footwear. On his left foot is a
slide slipper, the one that athletes commonly wear, while on
the other foot, the one that broke , is a traditional flipflops.
 I wanted to help him – maybe give him some money to buy
a new pair of slippers. But money, I have none too plenty, I
might need it on the way home. Give him my old pair of
shoes? I can’t drive my motorcycle bare–footed. I might get
caught by the traffic enforcers. I saw plenty of slippers
repaired by sticking a wire through to hold it down. The
least I can do is to help him fix his slipper, but the resort is
too dark to find any wire that might be laying on the ground.
 I wanted to say something, but no words came out of my
mouth.
After a while, he went inside the changing room, carrying
his pot on one hand and his slipper on the other. He also
had a backpack, I concluded that he might have carried his
utensils there.
I was left alone. Trapped in another universe.
 He was about my age and about my size. We could
have been similar in many ways; he might also be the
eldest, he might also have four siblings. He might also
want to plunge into the cold, spring water. I liked to
ask him questions: where he lives, was the
champorado sold out, what happened to his slippers
and what he would do next.
 But the biggest question was for myself: would I do
the same if circumstances dictate me so?
My girlfriend finished changing. It was already my
turn. He still did not come out.
I tried to take my mind off of him while I change into
dry clothes. It bothered me why it took so long inside
the changing room.
Was he able to fix his slipper? I had no way of
knowing. When I go out, out of the dusk, I saw the
vendor. He had backpack to be exact. There was a
little light to see him clearly. He was sort of walking
with a drag. I just hoped he gets home safe and sound.
 It was already dark when we were ready to leave.
The frogs already began their chorus. To me, it
sounded like a woeful dirge.
I wanted to jump into the cold again to wash my
guilt away.
THE ELEMENTS OF NONFICTION

PLOT
SYNOPSIS?
 A young man was trying to help a
champorado vendor, yet, he could not do
anything because he only had enough money for
him to go home.
Setting ? The time and the place?
Late afternoon at the spring resort
Theme?
The attempt to help someone.

The desire to help someone.

Characters?
The author

Author’s girlfriend

Champorado
Point of View?
First Person
Atmosphere / Mood of the story?
sad
Narrative time?
 It happened before the essay is
written.
Conflict of the story?
Man against himself.
Symbols used?
Sooty pot ― it was used to symbolize the life and future
of the vendor. It may be dark and sooty but inside is a
satisfying meal for a hungry soul. He is poor but his
dreams of better life could lead him far.
Water ― represents the need to cleanse himself from
guilt of not helping the vendor.
 Universe it symbolizes the author’s conscience. He tries
to think of ways to help the vendor.
It may also the different worlds where the vendor and
author dwells. The author is a student supported by his
parents while the vendor peddled champorado to support
himself and the family.
The difference between rich and poor.
Important Lines / Dialogues?
I wanted to jump into the cold again – to wash
my guilt away.
Literary language?
1.It is like floating in your own universe.
2.But money, I have none to plenty.
3.I was left alone, trapped in another
universe.
4.The frogs already began their chorus.
DRAMA
4 genre
th
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
SCRIPT is a written text of the play. It
consists of dialogues spoken by the actors.
STAGE DIRECTIONS gives instructions
about the positions and movements of the
actors and other aspects of the set.
TECHNICAL ELEMENTS of a play is
complicated. It includes scenery set, makeup,
costume, lights and sound.
SCENERY SET can be chairs, house, or forest and
other properties used to identify the setting or
location, and period of the dramatic production.
MAKE UP is used in drama to aid actors in
their appropriate appearance of the characters
they play or portray.
COSTUMES are clothes, garments or attires
worn by the actors on stage to aid dramatic
actions and interpretations.
There are various types of LIGHTS used on
stage. It provides not only visibility of the actors
but also creates and enhances the mood and
atmosphere.
SOUND can be produced by actors or by
props, musical instruments and recorded
music and effects that can help engage the
audience and bring them into another time.
PERFORMANCE ELEMENT includes acting,
character analysis and character motivation.
ACTING is the enactment of an actor or actress
who portrays a character.
CHARACTER ANALYSIS is evaluating the
character’s traits, his/ her role in the story and
they conflicts they experience.
CHARACTER MOTIVATION is the
elements that drives the character to achieve
his / her goal.
ASSIGNMENT:
Research in the internet or in the literature
books about a drama or one act play where the
dialogues are presented.
Write the title and the author.
THE NEW GENRES OF LITERATURE

Modern / Contemporary
1. HYPERPOETRY
It is poetry uploaded in the internet. Its medium is the
computer screen.
Example: Pain is earthly and temporal
Sacrifice is surely irrational
Hope is hazily conventional.
Existence is hastily corporeal.
2. MOBILE TEXTULA is a short poetry in a form of
tanaga that is sent through SMS on mobile phone.
Example: From: MaryelKate
Mamamaya ay balisa/
Gobyerno ay aligaga/
Salut na karamdaman/
Hindi nalulunasan.
3. FLASH FICTION is telling a story in a few words,
usually 1OO to 1OOO words or less.

Example: I am a book with hidden chapters.

by Raniel Cunado
Grade 12 HUMSS A
Batch 2O2O
 They have known him as weakling and loser.
He never said a word or done a thing to defend
himself or speak what was on his mind.
“Stupid, unworthy, a menace…has no
future…”
 Those were his father’s words. He just shrugged
his shoulders and he did what he thought best to
prove them wrong.
Ten years have passed. There he was – an
accomplished and full – fledged doctor, and a hero
of Covid 19 pandemic.
4. CHICK LIT is a heroine centered fiction
narrative; usually focus on the trials of the
protagonist.
It is found in the WATTPAD.
5. BLOG is a regularly updated webpage or
website that is written in conversational style.
It is found in a Facebook page, or in the internet.