Digital Logic Design

CP 120
DR. MAY ALASHWAL
 Major objective of this course is to familiarize the
students with the knowledge and understanding
of Boolean algebra and digital concepts, with
Objectives of concentration on the analysis and design of
This Course combinational and sequential logic circuits.
Furthermore, it provides a foundation for
subsequent study in computer architecture,
Computer organization and Assembly.

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 Expected Results
On successful completion of this course, students
will be able to:

Demonstrate knowledge of Acquire In-depth Analyze and synthesize logic

fundamental Boolean understanding of circuits.
principles and manipulation combinational and sequential
and their application to digital digital/logic circuits.
design.

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CP 120 – Digital Logic
Design
 Course syllabus in Moodle

 Communication regarding the course: messages thru Moodle or

email: [email protected]

 Assignments, quiz, and exams

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Textbook
Introduction to Logic Design (3rd Edition) by
Alan B. Marcovitz, McGrawHill Higher
Education

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Lecture No 1

Introduction
(Logic Design)
 In this lecture we will cover the following:
Logic Design
Number Systems
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
Today’s Topics Number Systems
Examples
Positional Representation
Number Base Conversion

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Logic Design
Digital Systems
Systems in which all the signals are represented by discrete
values. For example, Computers, Calculators, Digital Counter
(Odometer) etc.
Binary digital systems operate with two values; 0 (OFF) and
1(ON).
A digital system may have an arbitrary number of inputs
and an arbitrary number of outputs.
A W
B. . . . . Digital
..... X
System
n Inputs m Outputs

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 Number Systems
A number system is a set of numbers together with one or more
operations (e.g. add, subtract). Commonly used number systems
are decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems. All
these number systems are also called weighted number systems.
Integers are normally written using a position number system, in
which each digit represents the coefficient in a power series as

For example, we can represent 7642 in decimal number systems

as:

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Binary Number System (Or Base-
2 System or Radix-2 System)
Binary number system is a different number system. This number
system has only two possible values i.e. 0 and 1.
The decimal equivalent of a binary number can be found by
multiplying coefficients of integral part by increasing powers of 2
(from right to left) and multiplying coefficients of fractional part by
decreasing powers of 2 (from left to right) and then adding all
these terms as:
……..+23 x a3 + 22x a2+21 x a1 +20 x a0 +2-1 x a-1 +2-2x a-2 + 2-3 x a-3 + 2-4 x
a-4 +…
where ……a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-3 a-4……….. are coefficients of binary
number.

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Octal Number System (Or Base-8
System or Radix-8 System)
This number system has only eight possible values i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3,
4 ,5 ,6 and 7.
The decimal equivalent of an octal number can be found by
multiplying coefficients of integral part by increasing powers of
8 (from right to left) and multiplying coefficients of fractional
part by decreasing powers of 8 (from left to right) and then
adding all these terms as:
……..+83 x a3 + 82x a2+81 x a1 +80 x a0 +8-1 x a-1 +8-2x a-2 + 8-3 x a-3 + 8-
4
x a-4 +…
where ……a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-3 a-4……….. are coefficients of
octal number.

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Hexadecimal Number System (Or
Base-16 System or Radix-16 System)
This number system has sixteen possible values i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 ,6,
7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F.
The decimal equivalent of a hexadecimal number can be found by
multiplying coefficients of integral part by increasing powers of 16
(from right to left) and multiplying coefficients of fractional part by
decreasing powers of 16 (from left to right) and then adding all these
terms as:
…..+163 x a3 + 162x a2+161 x a1 +160 x a0 +16-1 x a-1 +16-2x a-2 + 16-3 x a-3 +
16-4 x a-4 +…
where ……a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 . a-1 a-2 a-3 a-4……….. are coefficients of
hexadecimal number.

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Numbers in Different
Systems

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Positional Representation
 The binary number 1101 represents the value:
V = 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
V = 8+4+1= 13
So
(1101)2 = (13)10

 The range of numbers that can be represented by a binary number

depends of the number of bits used.

 In general, using n bits allows a representation of positive integers in

the range 0 to 2n-1

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Number Base Conversion
To convert Decimal Numbers into Binary, follow these steps:
Step 1:
Divide the decimal number by 2 and record the remainder as the right
most bit (i.e. least significant bit) of the resulting binary number.
Step 2:
Divide the quotient obtained in previous step by 2 again and record
the remainder as the left bit to the remainder obtained in previous
step.
Step 3:
Repeat the step 2 until the quotient becomes less than the base and
record this remainder as the left most bit (i.e. most significant bit) of
the resulting binary number.

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example: convert the given Divide by 2 Result Remainder Binary Value
decimal number 294 into a binary 294 ÷ 2 147 0 0 (LSB)
number.
147 ÷ 2 73 1 1
Therefore, the binary equivalent for
73 ÷ 2 36 1 1
the given decimal number 29410 is
36 ÷ 2 18 0 0
1001001102
18 ÷ 2 9 0 0
9÷2 4 1 1
4÷2 2 0 0
2÷2 1 0 0
29410 =1001001102
1÷2 0 1 1 (MSB)

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Important Note:
In order to convert the fractional part of a decimal number
into binary number, we use Fraction-Coefficient method.
In this method, fraction is first multiplied by the base (i.e. 2)
to get an integer and a fraction. We record this integer as
the first bit to the right of decimal point.
The new fraction is again multiplied by the base (i.e. 2) to
get a new fraction and a new integer. We record this new
integer as the next bit to the right of previous bit.
This process is continued until the fraction becomes 0 or
until the number of digits have sufficient accuracy.

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 Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:
Convert (0.6875)10 into binary.

Fraction X Base = Coefficient(Integer) + Fraction

0.6875 X 2 = 1 + 0.375
0.375 X 2 = 0 + 0.75
0.75 X 2 = 1 + 0.5
0.5 X 2 = 1 + 0.0

So, (0.6875)10 = (0.1011)2

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
To convert Decimal Numbers into Octal, follow these steps:
Step 1:
Divide the decimal number by 8 and record the remainder as the right most
digit (i.e. least significant digit) of the resulting octal number.

Step 2:
Divide the quotient obtained in previous step by 8 again and record the
remainder as the left digit to the remainder obtained in previous step.

Step 3:
Repeat the step 2 until the quotient becomes less than the base and record
this remainder as the left most digit (i.e. most significant digit) of the resulting
octal number.

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Divide by 8 Result Remainder
Convert (624.513)10 into octal.
We shall first convert 624 into 624 / 8 78 0 (LSD)
octal. 78 / 8 9 6
9/8 1 1
So, (624)10 = (1160)8 1/8 0 1 (MSD)

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Now, we shall convert the fractional part into octal as:
Fraction X Base = Coefficient(Integer) +Fraction
0.513 X 8 = 4 + 0.104
0.104 X 8 = 0 + 0.832
0.832 X 8 = 6 + 0.656
0.656 X 8 = 5 + 0.248
............
So, (0.513)10 = (0.4065….)8

Hence (624.513)10 = (1160.4065….)8

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
To convert Decimal Numbers into Hexadecimal, follow the given steps:
Step 1:
Divide the decimal number by 16 and record the remainder as the right most
digit (i.e. least significant digit) of the resulting hexadecimal number.

Step 2:
Divide the quotient obtained in previous step by 16 again and record the
remainder as the left digit to the remainder obtained in previous step.

Step 3:
Repeat the step 2 until the quotient becomes less than the base and record
this remainder as the left most digit (i.e. most significant digit) of the resulting
hexadecimal number.

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 Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example: Divide by Result Remainder
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Convert (225.225)10 into hexadecimal. 225 / 16 14 1 (LSD)
We shall first convert 225 into 14 / 16 0 14  E
hexadecimal as: (MSD)

Now, we shall convert the fractional part into hexadecimal as:

Fraction X Base = Coefficient(Integer) + Fraction
0.225 X 16 = 3 + 0.60
0.60 X 16 = 9 + 0.60
0.60 X 16 = 9 + 0.60
………
So, (0.225)10 = (0.399….)16

Hence (225.225)10 = (E1.399….)16

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Number Base Conversion
Conversion of Binary Numbers into Decimal

A binary number can be converted into its equivalent decimal number

by multiplying every bit of its integral part by the increasing powers of 2
(Starting from right to left) and every bit of fractional part by the
decreasing powers of 2 (Starting from left to right) and then adding all
the results.

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:

Convert the binary number (1011.011)2 into decimal.

Solution:

(1011.011)2 = 23x1+ 22x0 + 21x1 + 20x1 + 2-1x0 + 2-2x1 + 2-3x1

= 8 X 1 + 4 X 0 + 2 X 1 + 1 X 1 + 0 + ¼ X 1 + 1/8 X 1
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 + 0.125
= 11.375

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Conversion of Binary Numbers into Octal

In order to convert a binary number into its equivalent octal number,

make groups of three bits such that the unformed group should be
made by writing additional zeros.

For the integral part, make groups starting from right to left and for
fractional part, make groups starting from left to right.

Then write the octal equivalent of each group.

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:

Convert the binary number (1111010101111.11111)2 into

octal.
Solution:

= (17257.76)8

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Conversion of Binary Numbers into Hexadecimal
In order to convert a binary number into its equivalent
hexadecimal number, make groups of four bits such that the
unformed group should be made by writing additional
zeros.
For the integral part, make groups starting from right to left
and for fractional part, make groups starting from left to
right.
Then write the hexadecimal equivalent of each group.

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:

Convert the binary number (1111010101111.11111)2 into

hexadecimal.
Solution:

= (1EAF.F8)16

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Conversion of Octal Numbers into Binary

In order to convert an octal number into its equivalent binary number,

write every octal digit in its binary equivalent by decomposing
(breaking) it into a group of three bits.

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 Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:

Convert the octal number (231.4067)8 into binary.

Solution:

= (10011001.100000110111)2

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Conversion of Octal Numbers into Decimal

An octal number can be converted into its equivalent decimal number

by multiplying every digit of its integral part by the increasing powers of
8 (Starting from right to left) and every digit of fractional part by the
decreasing powers of 8 (Starting from left to right) and then adding all
the results.

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:
Convert the octal number (231.406)8 into decimal.
Solution:
(231.406)8 = 82x2 + 81x3 + 80x1 + 8-1x4 + 8-2x0 + 8-3x6
= 64 X 2 + 8 X 3 + 1 X 1 + 1/8 X 4 + 1/64 X 0
+ 512 X 6
= 128 + 24 + 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.0117
= 153.5117

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Conversion of Octal Numbers into Hexadecimal

In order to convert an octal number into its equivalent hexadecimal

number, first convert that octal number into binary by decomposing
every octal digit in a group of 3 bits. Then convert this binary number
into hexadecimal number by making groups of four bits.

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:
Convert the octal number (4073.062)8 into hexadecimal.
Solution:
We shall first convert octal into binary as
(4073.062)8 = (100 000 111 011 . 000 110 010) 2
4 0 7 3 0 6 2
=(100000111011.000110010)2
Now we shall convert binary into hexadecimal as
(100000111011.000110010)2=(1000 0011 1011 . 0001 1001 0000)2
= (83B.19) 16
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 Number Base Conversion (Contd...)
Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Conversion of Hexadecimal Numbers into Binary

In order to convert hexadecimal number into its equivalent binary

number, write every hexadecimal digit in its binary equivalent by
decomposing (breaking) it into a group of four bits.

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 Number Base Conversion (Contd...)
Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:

Convert the hexadecimal number (A043.DE)16 into binary.

Solution:

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 Number Base Conversion (Contd...)
Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Conversion of Hexadecimal Numbers into Decimal

A hexadecimal number can be converted into its equivalent decimal

number by multiplying every digit of its integral part by the increasing
powers of 16 (Starting from right to left) and every digit of fractional
part by the decreasing powers of 16 (Starting from left to right) and
then adding all the results.

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 Number Base Conversion (Contd...)
Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:
Convert the hexadecimal number (A043.DE)16 into decimal.
Solution:
(A043.DE)16 = 163xA + 162x0 + 161x4 + 160x3 + 16-1xD
+ 16-2x E
= 4096X10 + 0 + 16X4 + 1X3 + 1/16 X 13
+ 1/256 X 14
= 41027.8672

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 Number Base Conversion (Contd...)
Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Conversion of Hexadecimal Numbers into Octal

In order to convert a hexadecimal number into its equivalent octal

number, first convert that hexadecimal number into binary by
decomposing every hexadecimal digit in a group of 4 bits. Then convert
this binary number into octal number by making groups of three bits.

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Number Base Conversion
(Contd...)
Example:
Convert the hexadecimal number (A04.DE)16 into octal.
Solution:
We shall first convert hexadecimal into binary as
(A04.DE)16 = (1010 0000 0100 . 1101 1110)2
A 0 4 D E = (101000000100.11011110)2
Now we shall convert binary into octal as
(101000000100.11011110)2=(101 000 000 100 . 110 111 100)2
5 0 0 4 6 7 4
= (5004.674)8
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Bonus Round

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Exercise
1. What is the decimal equivalent of binary numbers (101111)2
and (101.11)2
2. What is the decimal equivalent of Octal numbers (507)8
3. What is the decimal equivalent of Hexadecimal Number
(10AC.DF)16

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