PHENOMENOLOGY

(The lived experience)

 INTRODUCTION

• Phenomenology (from Greek phainómenon "an appearance" and lógos

"study") is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and
consciousness.
• Developed by Edmund Husserl (1859–1939) which is based on the
premise that reality consists of objects and events ("phenomena") as
they are perceived or understood in the human consciousness
• Martin Heidegger: German philosopher who said that
phenomenology should bring to light what was hidden in experiences.
• Jan Patocka: Czech philosopher who greatly influenced
phenomenology, follower of Husserl and defender of Heidegger.
 WHAT IS PHENOMENOLOGY?
 Is the study of structure of consciousness as experienced from the
first – person point of view. (includes all that we live through or
perform)
 It describe as ‘lives experience‘ mostly base on the person lived
experience
 The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being
directed toward something or as an experience of or some object.

http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxh139/pheno.htm
For Husserl
• Phenomena appear as something, according to the
intentionality of consciousness, which links act and object

• is primarily concerned with the systematic reflection on and

study of the structures of consciousness and the phenomena
that appear in acts of consciousness
The domain of phenomenology including:

 Perception
 imagination
 Thought
 Emotion
 Desire
 Volition
 and action
Objective of Phenomenology
 The objective of phenomenology is the direct
investigation and description of phenomena as
experiences that are made consciously, without having
theories about causal explanations or objective reality.
In other words, it seeks to understand how people
construct the meaning of things that happen to them.
 CONCEPTS OF PHENOMENOLOGY
1) Intentionality
• Intentionality refers to the notion that consciousness is always the
consciousness of something
• This is an essential structure of consciousness or conscious
experiences.
• A property of directedness towards an object
• Consciousness may have intentional and non- intentional phases,
but intentionality is the property that gives consciousness its
objective meaning
Concept…
2) Noesis and noema
• Noesis (the real content )-The intentional process of consciousness
• Noesis act of thinking
• mental processes they are really inherent and the basis of sense-
bestowal
• Noema( the ideal content)
• Noema what is thought
• Noema the intentional correlates and their components the
perceived as perceived, remembered as remembered
Concept…
3) Intuition
• refers to cases where the intentional object is directly present to the
intentionality at play
4) Evidence
• the concept of evidence is meant to signify the "subjective
achievement of truth
• Evidence is the successful presentation of an intelligible object
5) Empathy and intersubjectivity
• In phenomenology, empathy refers to the experience of one's own
body as another.
• focuses on the subjectivity of the other, as well as our intersubjective
engagement with them.
• Intersubjectivity is the psychological relation between people. It is
emphasizing our inherently social being.
6) Lifeworld
• The concept emphasizes a state of affairs in which the world is
experienced, the world is lived
 PHENOMENOLOGY AS A PHILOSOPHY
Transcendental Phenomenology
(Husserl-1859-1938)

• This is “a scientific study of the appearance

of things, of phenomena just as we see
them and as they appear to us in
consciousness”
• Studies how objects are created in pure
consciousness, setting aside questions of
any elations to the natural world around us.
Transcendental…

• These forms of experience involve what Husserl called

"intentionality", (the directedness of experience toward things
in the world, the property of consciousness that it is a
consciousness of or about something.
The Phenomenological Reduction
• This method involves performing the epoché, ( bracketing)-
Suspend all belief in the natural standpoint and all theoretical
presuppositions of this standpoint
• It is the process of where empirical subjectivity is suspended so
that pure consciousness may be defined in its essential and
absolute being.
• Bracketing empirical data away, leaves pure consciousness
• Pure consciousness and the pure ego as the residues of
phenomenological reduction.
Hermeneutical (Interpretive) Phenomenology
Martin Heidegger

• the study of the theory and practice of

interpretation.

• Studies interpretative structures of experience,

how we understand and engage things in this
human world, including ourselves and others.
Hermeneutical (Interpretive) Phenomenology
Martin Heidegger

• refers to a person’s perceptions of the meaning of an event

as exist externally to that person
• Heidegger argued that ‘bracketing out’ the question of the
existence of the real world was not helpful.
• For Heidegger, the study of experience had to being where
experiences occur and for whom.
• Consciousness is not separate from the world but a
formation of historically lived experience
• Heidegger proposed that Phenomenology was a fundamental
Ontology that answer the question “ What is being?”
• For Heidegger, the fundamental and reflective approach to
descriptive phenomenology reveals the following categories of
Being:
• Being-In-The-World
• at a certain place and time.
• as the horizon in which experience takes place.
• Being-With-Others
• with other Beings
• Alongside things
• Being-Towards-Death
 Existential Phenomenology
( Piaget, Heidegger, Ponty)

• it is the expanded formulation of Heidegger, that says that the observer cannot
separate from the world and, therefore, it is a combination of the
phenomenological method with the importance of understanding man in his
existential world.
• studies concrete human existence, including our experience of free choice
and/or action in concrete situations.
• Seeks to develop an in-depth understanding of human existence
• Describes everyday experience as it is perceived by the consciousness of
individuals.
• insists that the observer cannot separate himself from the world
 PHENOMENOLOGY AS A METHODOLOGY
• Phenomenology is a form of qualitative research that focuses on
the individual’s lived experiences within the world.
• Phenomenology is a discipline that investigates and interprets
human’s experiences to reveal what lies in them.
• Became a major philosophy and research method in the
humanities, human sciences and arts.
• phenomenology used as a method in educational research that
seeks understanding and generating knowledge about first-person
events, or the lived experiences in certain educational contexts.
 PHENOMENOLOGY AS A METHODOLOGY
Descriptive ( Husserl) Interpretive ( Heidegger)
• a philosophical approach to • is an ideographic method of
qualitative research methodology qualitative inquiry focused on
seeking to understand human interpreting individuals'
experience experiential accounts to obtain a
critical understanding of the
• Widely used in social sciences as a
phenomenon under study
method to explore and describe
• incorporates scientific assumptions
lived experiences
underlying both phenomenology
• Descriptive phenomenology seeks
and hermeneutics and attempts to
to emphasize the pure description uncover the deeper meaning of a
of subjects' experiences phenomenon
PHENOMENOLOGY AS A METHODOLOGY
 The phenomenological method aims to describe, understand
and interpret the meanings of experiences of human life. It
focuses on research questions such as what it is like to
experience a particular situation.
 The pragmatic approach uses phenomenology as an inductive,
analytical instrument to distil the essential description of a
phenomenon. Phenomenological methods are stand-alone and
may be utilized without engagement in the philosophical
discussions surrounding the inquiry tradition.
 PHENOMENOLOGY IN OTHER DESCIPLINES
• Nursing
• Education
• Psychology
• Social Sciences
• Urban Planning
• Art
 Importance of Phenomenology
 it studies realities which nature and structure can only be
captured from the inner part of the individual who experiences
them
 phenomenology will study the type of experience that a person
has within a place
 gives way to possibilities and speculation, to investigation,
doubt, approach and rethinking of a certain phenomenon
 It is the way to make possible the scientific method in all the
branches of knowledge and truth.
 Summary
• It has transcendental reduction.

• It methodically leads to the discovery and analysis of things or

objects in the world.

• It seeks to understand how people construct the meaning of

things.
• It investigates experiences as they are lived by those who

experience them and the meaning that these people give them.
• Critical truths about reality are based on people’s experiences.
 Summary
• It describes the meanings of the experiences that have been lived by a
person or several people with respect to a certain concept.
• It is not interested in the explanation, but rather, it is concerned with the
essential aspects of the lived experience.
• It is the systematic study of subjectivity.
• It seeks to describe what underlies the way people usually describe their
experiences.
• It studies the coexistence between a person within a group.
• It concentrates on an eidetic reduction.
 REFFERENCES
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)
• https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/#WhatPhen
• https://www.slideshare.net/ChanoAlfornon/hermeneutical-phenomenology-13034
7047
• https://www.iep.utm.edu/phen-red/
• https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-287-588-4_98