THE PHILIPPINES

IN THE
19 CENTURY
TH
 Spain and the Philippines in Rizal’s Time

• Spanish rule was imposed in the

Philippines by conquest
• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – he
established the first Spanish
settlement in 1565 in Cebu
• Before the conquest, the Filipinos
had their own indigenous culture
and their own government, the
barangay 0 headed by a native
chieftain called “datu”
• The Philippines became a colony of
Spain and she belonged to the King
of Spain
 POLITICAL CONDITION
 The Spanish colonial  Visitador – visited the country
government in the Philippines to check the administration of
ran indirectly through the the Governor General
viceroy of the Spain in  Residencia – lived in the
Mexico. Philippines
 National Government  Provincial Government
 Governor General  Alcalde Mayor
*he is the chief executive in *the head in the provincial
the whole archipelago level
*he is the head of state *he had the power and
and church responsibilities like the
*he is the commander- in- Governor General but its power
chief of the military was limited the province
*he had the power of
cumplace
 POLITICAL CONDITION

 Municipal Government  Barrio Government

 Gobernadorcillo  Cabeza de Barangay
*his power and *he is the head of
responsibilities was the barangay
same as the Governor *the Filipino was allowed
General, however, his power to assume the position of
was limited only in the town Gobernadorcillo and Cabeza
or pueblo de Barangay only and only
*he also had the power given to a Filipino male, 23
of Indulto de Comercio or years old, educated and had
the power of the a property of 500 pesos
Gobernadorcillo to engage
into trading
The Supremacy of the Friars Over the Colonial
Government

 The different religious orders had the great

contribution in the establishment of Spanish
Colonial government in the country
 The regular priests (Spanish priests) were able to
dominate the control in different parishes and
had the power to get the parishes from the
secular (Filipino priests)
Abuses of the Spanish Government Officials

 The excessive powers and privileges of the

governor general made him weak and
undisciplined
 The provincial government where the alcalde
mayor was the administrator, judge, military
commander was the most corrupt branch of the
government
Corrupt Spanish Officials
 The colonial officials were highly corrupt, incompetent
and cruel.

• General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873) – a boastful and

ruthless governor general, aroused the anger of the
Filipinos by executing the Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora, the “Martyrs of 1872”.
• Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877) – a good Moro
fighter, but was inept and weak administrator.
• General Fernando Primo de Rivera – a governor general
for two terms (1880-1883) and (1897-1898), enriched
himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos in
Manila which he scandalously permitted to operate.
Corrupt Spanish Officials

• General Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891) – a cruel and

corrupt governor general of Hispanic-German ancestry,
arrived in Manila a poor man and returned to Spain a
millionaire
*The Filipinos scornfully called him “tyrant”
*The Cubans cursed him as “The Butcher”
• General Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897) – an able
militarist but heartless governor general, was widely
detested by the Filipino people foe executing Dr. Jose
Rizal
Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes

 The first period of the Philippine representation in the

Spanish Cortes (1810-1813) was fruitful with the
beneficent results for the welfare of the colony.
However, the second period of representation (1820-
1823) and the third period (1834-1837) were less
fruitful in parliamentary work.
 The representation of the overseas colonies including
the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes was abolished in
1873. Since then, Philippine conditions worsened.
 Socio-Cultural Condition
• Peninsulares – the highest
• The Spaniards imposed new class, Spanish born in Spain and
social stratification which live in the Philippines
discriminate the natives in • Insulares – Spanish born in the
their own land Philippines
• Creoles – the third class, they
are the mix blood or
combination of Spanish and
Peninsulares
Filipino
Illustrado – the well
Insulares educated Filipino
Principalia – the land owners
Creoles • Indios – the last class, the
unfortunate and discriminated
Indios class in the society
 Frailocracy/Secularization Educational System During
of Filipino Priests the Spanish Regime
 “Frailocracy” (frailocracia) –  The religion is still the center
the Spanish political of the educational system
philosophy of union of imposed by the Spaniards
Church and State  Girls and boys have separate
 The friars (Augustinians, schools and they also have
Dominicans, Franciscans), different curriculums
controlled the religious and  For male in secondary
educational life of the education:
Philippines, and later in the 1. Colegio Maximo de
19th century, they came to San Ignacio – 1589
acquire tremendous political 2. College of San Idelfonso
power, influences and – 1599
riches. 3. Ateneo de Municipal -
1817
 The curriculum for male includes:
 The educational system is
Spanish History, Latin, Philosophy,
also used to pacify the
Canon, Civil Law, Rhetoric
Filipinos and train them
 For female in secondary
in Catholicism and to
education:
follow laws imposed by
1. Colegios of Santa
the Spaniards
Potenciana - 1591
 The Department of
2. Sta. Isabel – 1632
Education during the
3. Santa Catalina de Sana –
Spanish could not also
1696
provide enough books
4. Sta. Rita College – 1719
and other instructional
5. Colegio de la Inmaculada
materials needed for the
Concepcion Concordia – 1868
quality education
 The curriculum for females
 The parochial schools
includes: Rules of courtesy, Vocal
were established with
Music, Language and Sewing
Spanish missionaries as
the teachers
 The students were taught in  Educational Decree of 1863
the native dialects although • (December 20, 1863)
there was a law requiring the • Each major town in the
children to be taught in Philippines should establish
Spanish at least one primary school
 Religion was the most for boys and another girls,
important subject and the medium of
 At the end of the Spanish instruction is Spanish
period, the University of Santo  Moret Decree of 1870
Tomas was the only institution • Intended to secularize higher
of university level in Manila. It education in the colony but
was established in 1611 solely the friars opposed the idea
for the Spaniards and of the government’s control
mestizos over education
 Economic Condition
• To solve the issue of • 3 types of Encomienda
governance, Legazpi  Royal – the taxes will go to
converted the land of the the King of Spain
indios into the encomienda  Ecclesiastical – the taxes
• The word encomienda comes will go to the Church
from the Spanish encomendar  Privado – the encomienda
which means “to entrust”. given to the friend of the
• The encomienda is a grant of king who had contribution
inhabitants living in a for the colonization
particular conquered territory • They abolished the
which Spain gave to Spanish encomienda and convert
colonizer as a reward for his the land into haciendas
services
Haciendas Owned by the Friars The Abuses of Guardia Civil,
and Spanish Officials Church Officials and Political
 The Spanish friars Leaders
belonging to different  Guardia Civil (Constanbulary) –
religious orders were the the last hated symbol of
richest landlords, for they Spanish tyranny which was
owned the best haciendas created by the Royal Decree of
(agricultural lands) in the February 12, 1852
Philippines  It was amended by another
 The rural folks, who had Royal Decree on March 24,
been living in these 1888, for the purpose of
haciendas and cultivating maintaining internal peace and
them generation after order in the Philippines
generation became tenants  It was patterned after the
famous and well-disciplined
Guardia Civil in Spain
 The Different Socio-
Economic Policies Imposed
by the Spaniards
1. Reduccion 3. Polo y Servicios
 The policy was  The forced labor of all
implemented so that the Filipino males from 16 to 60
government and parish years old for 40-day periods
priest could easily  The word polo refers to
monitor the natives and community work, and the
for the easy conversion to laborer was called polista.
Catholicism  The only way to avoid being
2. Bandala forced to do polo y servicio
 The natives are obliged to was to pay the falla.
sell their products to the  In 1884, the forty days of
Spaniards forced labor was reduced to
15 days
4. Taxation 5. The Tribute (Buwis) or
 Cedula – male and Tributo
female 18 years old  Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was
and above will pay first to order the payment of
every year for the tribute. His successors
cedula followed thus practice.
 Sanctorum – tax for  The tribute or buwis was
the church collected from the natives
 Donativo de both in cash (gold or money)
Zamboanga – a tax and in kind (e.g. rice, cloth,
specifically used for chicken, coconut oil, abaca,
the conquest of Jolo etc.)
 Tribute - it may be  The King of Spain preferred
paid in cash or in kind the payment of gold, but the
natives paid largely in kind
 Six Important Changes of the
6. Galleon Trade 19th Century
 This trading policy
1. The struggle for
changed the system of
nationalism
free trading in the
2. Men fought for
Philippines where in the
democracy
other nationalities like
3. The effects of industrial
the Chinese are free to
revolution were many
exchange their goods
4. Advance of Science
with the Filipinos who
5. Modern Imperialism
had extra goods.
 Boletas – the ticket for starts a process of
historic change
the Galleon trade
6. Growing confidence on
progress inspires optimism