TYPE OF NETWORK

&
TOPOLOGIES

Daw Zin Mar Soe

 Network
• A network is a group of two or more computers (or nodes) that are configured to share information and resources such
as printers, files, and databases. Essentially, a network enables computers and other devices to communicate with
each other.
• A network is an interconnection of computers may be wired or wireless for data communication, remote accessing,
resource management and data sharing
• Large business networks provide the following advantages:
 They increase productivity. Networks allow workers to share data and peripherals with coworkers and
communicate with them efficiently.
 They enable people to share peripherals such as printers.
 They enable software sharing. Installing a new version of software on everyone’s desktop in a company with
1,000 employees can be time consuming. However, if the computers are networked, all employees can access the
same copy of a program from the server. Although companies must still purchase a software license for each
employee, with a network they avoid having to install the program on every desktop.
 Through a network, large groups of employees can share one Internet connection, reducing Internet connectivity
expenses.
Network
• There are two types of mode in Networking:
1. Peer to Peer Mode
2. Client-server Mode
 Peer to Peer Mode (P2P)
• Peer to Peer mode is computer systems which are connected to each other via the
Internet. Files can be shared directly between systems on the network without the need
of a central server.
• In Peer to Peer mode each of the interconnected machines share dual capability and
responsible on the network. Each machine serves a dual purpose or role, both clients and
servers to some extent. In other words, each computer on a P2P network becomes a file
server as well as a client.
• As all machines on the network have equal status is no centralized control over shared
resources. Sharing is endorsed or repealed by each machine’s user.
• Security can also be a major concern due to lack of centralization and this network
configuration is used in small organization.
 Useful of Peer to Peer Mode (P2P)
• It's hard to take them down. Even if one of the peers is shut down, the others are
still operating and communicating.
• For a P2P (peer-to-peer) network to stop working, you have to close down all its
peers.
• Peer-to-peer networks are incredibly scalable. Adding new peers is easy as you
don't need to do any central configuration on a central server.
• When it comes to file-sharing, the larger a peer-to-peer network is, the faster it is.
Peer to Peer Mode
 Client- Server Mode
• Client-server networks has a machine at the heart of its operations called the server.
• A server is a machine that provides services over a network by responding to client requests.
• Server based networks provide centralized control of the entire network environment.
• Server based networks are easier to scale.
• The networks operability is dependent on the server.
• Include many clients
• Can be implemented in large network.
• Hi-speed multimedia data transfer.
• Control all the computer system (clients) and sub-server.
Client- Server Mode
Server Model
• Server is that computer which facilitates, sharing of data software and hardware
resources (eg: printers modern) on the network.
• A server is a program running on the remote machine providing service to the
clients.
• When it starts, it opens a door for incoming request for a client, but it never
initiates a service until it is requested to do so.
Client Model
• Client is the program running on the local machine requesting service from the
server.
• A client program is finite means it started by user or another application program
and terminates when service is complete.
• Server provides services over a network by responding to client requests.
Working
• We need to START server.
• Then CONNECT the client with its name/IP address. Once connection established
Server acknowledges clients by welcome note.
• Server and Client now can exchange data in the form of medias file like Music files,
Video files, Images and Simple textual data.
• By DISCONNECT Client gets disconnected from server
Data Flow Diagram
Data Flow Diagram
Advantages
• Centralized user accounts, security and access controls simplify network
administration.
• More powerful equipment means more efficient access network resources.
• Single password login means access to all resources.
• Supports greater numbers of users or networks where resources are heavily used.
• Centralized system with all data in a single place.
• Cost efficient requires less maintenance cost and Data recovery is possible.
• The capacity of the Client and Servers can be changed separately.
Disadvantages
• More costly to install and maintain.
• Single point of failure, server goes down, the network goes down.
• Complex special purpose software requires appointment of expert staff, increasing costs.
• Clients are prone to viruses, Trojans and worms if present in the Server or uploaded into
the Server.
• Server are prone to Denial of Service (DOS) attacks.
• Data packets may be spoofed or modified during transmission.
• Phishing or capturing login credentials or other useful information of the user are
common and MITM(Man in the Middle) attacks are common.
Ad hoc network
• An ad hoc network is one that is spontaneously formed when devices connect and
communicate with each other.
• Ad hoc networks are mostly wireless local area networks (LANs).
• The devices communicate with each other directly instead of relying on a base station
or access points as in wireless LANs for data transfer co-ordination.
• Each device participates in routing activity, by determining the route using the routing
algorithm and forwarding data to other devices via this route.
Classifications of Ad Hoc Networks
• Ad hoc networks can be classified into several types depending upon the nature
of their applications.
Classifications of Ad Hoc Networks
Tethering Networks
• Tethering is an way of using smart phone as modem to connect other device
such as laptop or tablet or PDAs to Internet and tethering will help to create
mobile hotspot.
• Means by the help of tethering our phone’s mobile data connection is shared
with other devices and those devices will get connected to internet through our
mobile’s data connection even if those devices don’t have data connection.
• A tether is a long leash. In phone tethering, the leash is either a USB cable or a
wireless Bluetooth connection.
Advantages

• Anywhere we can connect our PC to internet by using our mobile’s data

connection.
• Creates small hot spot during team work.
• It does not cost any extra.
• Allows multiple device connection.
• Tethering is secure than using public WiFi
Disadvantages

• Eats up mobile data very fast.

• Drains the mobile’s battery rapidly.
• Some carriers and plan types don’t allow tethering.
• Internet speed may be slower.
• Phone calls might not be possible during tethering
Computer Networks
• There are various types of computer networks available.
• We can categorize them according to their size as well as their purpose.
• The size of a network should be expressed by the geographic area and number
of computers
PAN (Personal Area Network)
• PAN is a computer network formed around a person. It generally consists of a
computer, mobile, or personal digital assistant.
• PAN can be used for establishing communication among these personal devices for
connecting to a digital network and the internet.
• It is mostly personal devices network equipped within a limited area.
• Allows you to handle the interconnection of IT devices at the surrounding of a single
user.
• PAN includes mobile devices, tablet, and laptop.
• It can be wirelessly connected to the internet called WPAN.
• Appliances use for PAN: cordless mice, keyboards, and Bluetooth systems.
PAN (Personal Area Network)
Advantages of PAN
• PAN networks are relatively secure and safe
• It offers only short-range solution up to ten meters
• Strictly restricted to a small area

Disadvantages of PAN
• It may establish a bad connection to other networks at the same radio
bands.
• Distance limits
LAN (Local Area Network)
• A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computer and peripheral devices which
are connected in a limited area such as school, laboratory, home, and office building.
• Computers linked together over a small geographic region
• It is a widely useful network for sharing resources like files, printers, games, and
other application.
Characteristics of LAN
• It is a private network, so an outside regulatory body never controls it.
• LAN operates at a relatively higher speed compared to other WAN systems.
• There are various kinds of media access control methods like token ring and
ethernet.
Advantages of LAN

• Sharing computer resources like hard-disks, DVD-ROM, and printers. This

significantly reduces the cost of hardware purchases.
• Using the same software over the network .
• Data of all network users can be stored on a single hard disk of the server
computer.
• Easily transfer data and messages over networked computers.
• Easy to manage data at only one place, which makes data more secure.
• Local Area Network offers the facility to share a single internet connection
among all the LAN
Disadvantages of LAN
• LAN will indeed save cost because of shared computer resources, but the initial
cost of installing Local Area Networks is quite high.
• The LAN admin can check personal data files of every LAN user, so it does not
offer good privacy.
• Unauthorized users can access critical data of an organization in case LAN
admin is not able to secure centralized data repository.
• Local Area Network requires a constant LAN administration as there are issues
related to software setup and hardware failures
WAN (Wide Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network) is another important computer network that which is
spread across a large geographical area.
• WAN network system could be a connection of a LAN which connects with other
LAN's using telephone lines and radio waves.
• For large companies that operate at diverse geographic locations, a LAN is not
sufficient for meeting their computing needs. Wide area networks (WANs) comprise
large numbers of users or separate LANs that are miles apart and linked together.
Corporations often use WANs to connect two or more geographically diverse branches.
Advantages of WAN
• WAN helps you to cover a larger geographical area. Therefore business offices
situated at longer distances can easily communicate.
• Contains devices like mobile phones, laptop, tablet, computers, gaming
consoles, etc.
• WLAN connections work using radio transmitters and receivers built into client
devices.
Disadvantage of WAN
• The initial setup cost of investment is very high.
• It is difficult to maintain the WAN network. You need skilled technicians and
network administrators.
• There are more errors and issues because of the wide coverage and the use of
different technologies.
• It requires more time to resolve issues because of the involvement of multiple
wired and wireless technologies.
• Offers lower security compared to other types of networks.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is consisting of a computer network across an
entire city, college campus, or a small region.
• This type of network is large than a LAN, which is mostly limited to a single building or
site.
• Depending upon the type of configuration, this type of network allows you to cover an
area from several miles to tens of miles.
• Sometimes government organizations or civic groups establish WANs to link users in a
specific geographic area (such as within a city or county).
• It mostly covers towns and cities in a maximum 50 km range
• Mostly used medium is optical fibers, cables
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Advantages of MAN
• It offers fast communication using high-speed carriers, like fiber optic cables.
• It provides excellent support for an extensive size network and greater access to
WANs.
• The dual bus in MAN network provides support to transmit data in both directions
concurrently.
• A MAN network mostly includes some areas of a city or an entire city.
Disadvantages MAN
• You need more cable to establish MAN connection from one place to another.
• In MAN network it is tough to make the system secure from hackers
Network Topologies
• The physical layout of computers, transmission media, and other components
• Types of network topologies
• Bus topology
• Ring topology
• Star topology
• Mesh topology
• Hybrid topology
Bus Topology
• All nodes are connected in sequence on a single cable
• Used most often on peer-to-peer networks
• Networked computers communicate with each other
• One computer transmits data at a time
Advantages
• Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with backbone cable.
• Less cables required than Mesh and star topology

Disadvantages
• Difficultly in fault detection.
• Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you can connect with
backbone cable.
Ring Topology
• In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side of it.
• There are two dedicated point to point links a device has with the devices on the either side of it.
• This structure forms a ring thus it is known as ring topology. If a device wants to send data to
another device then it sends the data in one direction, each device in ring topology has a repeater,
if the received data is intended for other device then repeater forwards this data until the intended
device receives it.
Advantages
• Easy to install.
• Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the topology only two links
are required to be changed.

Disadvantages
• A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will not travel forward due
to failure.
• Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.
Star Topology
• Nodes connect to a central communications device (switch)
• A node sends a signal to the switch, which retransmits it to the other nodes
• A node accepts only signal addressed to it
Advantages
• Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and needs to be
connected with hub with one link.
• Easier to install
• Less amount of cables required because each device needs to be connected with
the hub only.
• Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine.
• Easy fault detection because the link can be easily identified.
Disadvantages
• If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without
hub.
• Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it is the central
system of star topology.
Mesh Topology
• In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the network through a dedicated point-to-
point link.
• When we say dedicated it means that the link only carries data for the two connected devices only.
• Lets say we have n devices in the network then each device must be connected with (n-1) devices of the
network.
• Number of links in a mesh topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.
Advantages
• No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which means
the link is only available for those two devices.
• Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect other links
and the communication between other devices on the network.
• Mesh topology is secure because there is a point to point link thus unauthorized
access is not possible.
• Fault detection is easy.
Disadvantages
• Amount of wires required to connected each system is tedious and headache.
• Since each device needs to be connected with other devices, number of I/O ports
required must be huge.
• Scalability issues because a device cannot be connected with large number of
devices with a dedicated point to point link.
Hybrid topology
• A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology. For example
a combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid topology.
Advantages
• We can choose the topology based on the requirement for example, scalability is
our concern then we can use star topology instead of bus technology.
• Scalable as we can further connect other computer networks with the existing
networks with different topologies.

Disadvantages
• Fault detection is difficult.
• Installation is difficult.
• Design is complex so maintenance is high thus expensive.
Network Cabling
• Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device
to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs.
• In some cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks will use a
variety of cable types.
• The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and
size.
• There are different types of network cable. These are:
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber-Optic Cable
Twisted Pair Cable
• The twisted-pair cable was primarily developed for computer networks. This cable is also
known as Ethernet cable. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this cable.
• Twisted pair cable consists of pairs of copper wires twisted around each other and
covered by a protective jacket (or sheath).
• The twists cause the magnetic fields that form around the copper wires to intermingle,
which makes them less susceptible to interference.
• This cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires. Every two wires are
twisted around each other to form pair. Usually, there are four pairs. Each pair has one
solid color and one stripped color wire. Solid colors are blue, brown, green and orange.
• There are two types of twisted-pair cable; UTP and STP.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• If the twisted pair cable contains a layer of foil shielding to reduce interference,
it is known as shielded twisted pair (STP) cable.
• In the STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, each pair is wrapped with an additional
metal shield, then all pairs are wrapped in a single outer plastic sheath.
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
• If it does not contain a layer of foil shielding, it is known as unshielded twisted pair
(UTP) cable, which is more susceptible to interference.
• In the UTP (Unshielded twisted-pair) cable, all pairs are wrapped in a single plastic
sheath.
• Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option
for school networks.
Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial cable is the cable used with cable TV.
• The coaxial cables were not primarily developed for the computer network. These cables were developed for
general purposes.
• It consists of four main components:
1. A copper core used for transmitting the signal
2. A solid layer of nonconductive insulating material surrounding the core
3. A layer of braided metal that reduces interference
Coaxial Cable
• A single-core coaxial cable uses a single central metal (usually copper) conductor,
while a multi-core coaxial cable uses multiple thin strands of metal wires.
Fiber-Optic Cable
• Fiber-optic cable is composed of a glass (or plastic) fiber (or a bundle of fibers) that comprises the core of the cable (where the
data is transmitted).

• In a fiber-optic cable, electrical data signals from network devices are converted to light pulses before they are transmitted.

• This cable consists of core, cladding, buffer, and jacket.

• The core is made from the thin strands of glass or plastic that can carry data over the long distance.

• The core is wrapped in the cladding; the cladding is wrapped in the buffer, and the buffer is wrapped in the jacket.

 Core carries the data signals in the form of the light.

 Cladding reflects light back to the core.

 Buffer protects the light from leaking.

 The jacket protects the cable from physical damage.

• Fiber-optic cable is virtually immune to interference.

• This cable can transmit data over a long distance at the highest speed. It can transmit data up to 40 kilometers at the speed of
100Gbps.
Fiber-Optic Cable
• Based on how many beams of light are transmitted at a given time, there are two
types of fiber optical cable; SMF and MMF.
SMF (Single-mode fiber) optical cable
• This cable carries only a single beam of light.
• This is more reliable and supports much higher bandwidth and longer distances than the MMF
cable.
• This cable uses a laser as the light source and transmits 1300 or 1550 nano-meter wavelengths of
light.

MMF (multi-mode fiber) optical cable

• This cable carries multiple beams of light. Because of multiple beams, this
cable carries much more data than the SMF cable.
• This cable is used in shorter distances. This cable uses an LED as the light
source and transmits 850 or 1300 nano-meter wavelengths of light.
Thank You !!