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CHAPTER

4
The First Law of
Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics:
Control Volumes

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 4-1

Velocity Profiles for Flow in a Pipe

(fig. 4-6)
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Thermodynamics

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 4-2

Volume Flow Rate

Volume flow rate is the volume of fluid flowing through
a cross section per unit of time

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Thermodynamics

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 4-3
Mass Flow, Heat, and Work
Affect Energy Content
The energy content of a control volume can be changed by mass flow as well
as heat and work interactions

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Thermodynamics

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 4-4
Control Volume May Involve
Boundary, Electrical, and Shaft Work

(Fig. 4-9)
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Thermodynamics

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 4-5

Schematic for Flow Work

(Fig. 4-10)
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Thermodynamics

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 4-6
During Steady Flow Process, Volume
Flow Rates are not Necessarily Conserved

(Fig. 4-19)
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Thermodynamics

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 4-7
A Water Heater Under Steady
Operation
.

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. . (Fig. 4-21)
.
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Thermodynamics

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 4-8
Steady-Flow Devices Operate
Steadily for Long Periods

(Fig. 4-25)
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Thermodynamics

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 4-9
Nozzle and Diffuser Shapes Cause
Large Changes in Fluid Velocities
Nozzles and Diffusers are shaped so that they cause large
changes in fluid velocities and thus kinetic energies

(Fig. 4-27)
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Thermodynamics

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 4-10

Schematic for Example 4-2

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Thermodynamics

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 4-11

Schematic for Example 4-4

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Thermodynamics

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 4-12
Throttling Valve Devices Cause
Large Pressure Drops in Fluid

(Fig.4-32)
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Thermodynamics

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 4-13
Ideal Gas Temperature Does
Not Change During a Throttling
The temperature of an ideal gas does not change during
a throttling(h =constant) process since h = h (T)

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Thermodynamics

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 4-14
T-Elbow Serves as Mixing Chamber
for Hot and Cold Water Steams
The T-ebow of an ordinary shower serves as the mixing chamber
for hot- and cold-water streams.

(Fig. 4-35)
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Thermodynamics

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 4-15
Heat Transfer Via Heat Exchanger
Depends on System Selection
The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be zero or nonzero
depending on how the system is selected

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Thermodynamics

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 4-16

Schematic for Example 4-9

.

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Thermodynamics

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 4-17
Rigid Tank Charging From a Supply
Line is an Unsteady-Flow Process
Charging of a rigid tank from a supply line is an unsteady-flow process
since it involves changes within the control volume

(Fig. 4-47)
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Thermodynamics

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 4-18
Temperature of Steam Rises Entering Tank,
Flow Energy Converts to Internal Energy
The Temperature of Steam rises from 300 to 456°C as it enters a tank as a
result of flow energy being converted to internal energy
(Fig. 4-54)
o
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Thermodynamics

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 4-19
Enthalpy of a Saturated Vapor
at a Given Pressure
In a pressure cooker, the enthalpy of the existing steam is Hg@P
(enthalpy of the saturated vapor at the given pressure)

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Thermodynamics

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 4-20

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • A control volume differs from a closed system in
Thermodynamics

that it involves mass transfer. Mass carries energy

with it, and thus the mass and energy content of a
system change when mass enters or leaves.

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 4-21

Chapter Summary

• The mass and energy balances for any system

Çengel undergoing any process can be expressed as
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Thermodynamics

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 4-22

Chapter Summary

• The mass and energy balances for any system

Çengel undergoing any process can be expressed in the
Boles rate form as
Thermodynamics

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 4-23

Chapter Summary

• Mass flow through a cross section per unit time is

called the mass flow rate and is denoted m. It
.
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Thermodynamics

where
 = density, kg/m3 (= 1/v)

= average fluid velocity normal to A, m/s

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A = cross-sectional area, m2
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 4-24

Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The fluid volume flowing through a cross section
.
Thermodynamics

per unit time is called the volume flow rate V. It is

given by

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 4-25

Chapter Summary

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• The mass and volume flow rates are related by
Thermodynamics

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 4-26

Chapter Summary

Çengel
• Thermodynamic processes involving control
Boles volumes can be considered in two groups: steady-
Thermodynamics

flow processes and unsteady-flow processes.

During a steady-flow process, the fluid flows
through the control volume steadily, experiencing
no change with time at a fixed position. The mass
and energy content of the control volume remain
constant during a steady-flow process.

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 4-27

Chapter Summary
• Taking heat transfer to the system and work done
by the system to be positive quantities, the
conservation of mass and energy equations for
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steady-flow processes are expressed as
Thermodynamics

for each exit for each inlet

where the subscript i stands for inlet and e for

exit. These are the most general forms of the
Third Edition equations for steady-flow processes.
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 4-28

Chapter Summary
• For single-stream (one-inlet--one-exit) systems
such as nozzles, diffusers, turbines, compressors,
and pumps, the steady flow equations simplify to
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Thermodynamics

In the above relations, subscripts 1 and 2 denote

the inlet and exit states, respectively.
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 4-29

Chapter Summary

• During a uniform-flow process, the state of the

control volume may change with time, but it may
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Boles do so uniformly. Also, the fluid properties at the
inlets and the exits are assumed to remain
Thermodynamics

constant during the entire process. The

conservation of energy equation for a uniform-
flow process reduces to

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 4-30

Chapter Summary

• When the kinetic and potential energy changes

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Boles associated with the control volume and the fluid
streams are negligible, the conservation of energy
Thermodynamics

equation for a uniform-flow process simplifies to

Third Edition

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