ISDN PHYSICAL LAYER

FUNCTIONS OF PHYSICAL LAYER AT REF POINTS T&S

Encoding of digital data for transmission across interface Full duplex transmission of B channel data Full duplex transmission of D channel data Multiplexing of channels to form basic or primary access

transmission structure Activation and deactivation of physical circuit Power feeding from network termination to the terminal Terminal identification Faulty terminal isolation D channel contention access

Basic user network interface

Four key aspects of basic interface

Line coding
Physical connector Framing and multiplexing Contention resolution for multidrop configurations

Contact assignments for plugs and jacks of ISDN Physical Connector ISO 8887
CONTACT TE NT

a b
c d e f g h

Power source 3 Power source 3

transmit receive receive transmit Power sink 2 Power sink 2

Power sink 3 Power sink 3

Receive Transmit Transmit Transmit Power source 2 Power source 2

Reference configuration for signal transmission and power feeding in normal operation mode
Note3 a
POWER SOURCE 3

TE

NT a b

Note 3

b note 2 c + d c

note 1

c d

+ TRANSMIT --

RECEIVE

Power sink1
e f

Power source 1
_ note 1

e RECEIVE TRANSMIT f + g g --

Power h sink2

Power source2

NOTE 1: Symbol refers to polarity of frames Note2: refers polarity of power during normal power conditions Note 3: refers to access lead assignments to provide for direct interface cable wiring

FRAME ALLIGNMENT
TWO VIOLATIONS ARE INCLUDED for NT & TE

ALLIGNMENT Ist F bit is positive zero and last zero bit is positive The 1st zero bit afeter the L bit should be negative

Q BIT Identification and multiframe structure

Frame structure at reference points T & S for basic rate access

48 Bits in 250s TE -NT FL B1 LDL F L A B2 LDL B1 LDL

B2

LDD

FL

B1 8bits B2

EDA

F N A

B2 8 bits

E DM

B1 8bits

EDS

E DL

ABBREVIATIONS

F- framing bit L-dc balancing bit D-echo channel bit A-Activation bit FA-Auxiliary bit N-set to opposite of FA M-Multiframing bit B1-B Channel bits(16 per frame) B2- Bchannels bits(16 per frame) D- Dchannel bits (4 per frame) S-spare bits

Basic interface wiring configuration

Basic interface wiring configuration

CONTENTION RESOLUTION
THREE TYPES OF TRAFFIC TO BE CONSIDERED

B CHANNEL Traffic : no addition functionality

needed to control access to the 2 Bchannels as each channel is dedicated to TE at any time Incoming D CHANNEL traffic: D Channel is available for control signalling and packet transmission so contention exists. LAPD addressing is used for addressing Outgoing D channel traffic: Access regulated that only one device transmits at a time

Contention resolution

Example of contention resolution

PRIMARY RATE USER NETWORK INTERFACE

Primary rate user network interface

Multiplexes multiple channels

Only point to point configuration is allowed

It exists at the T reference point with digital PBX or

other multiple TE Provides a synchronous TDM facility access to ISDN

Multiframe structure for 1.544 Mbps interface

INTERFACE AT 1.544Mbps
Based on North American DS-1 Transmission

It has 193bits per frame

Each frame has 24 , 8 bit time slots and a framing bit Data rate 1.544Mbps

Frames repeat at 125s or 8000 frames per second

Transmission structure support 23 B Channels and 1

D Channel The framing bit is used for synchronization and other management purposes

MULTIFRAME STUCTURE
It has 24 ,193 bit frames

6 of the bits form a frame alignment signal(FAS)

with code 001011 repeats every multiframe. The purpose of FAS is to for synchronization The ei bits are used as a 6bit cyclic redundancy check of the framing bits The m bits are used for various operations and maintenance functions

Line coding is AMI USING B8ZS

BIPOLAR AMI(Alternate mark inversion)

Binary 0 for no line signal

Binary 1 for + & - pulses
B8ZS(Bipolar with 8 zero substitution)

If an octet of all zeros occur and last voltage pulse

preceding this octet was positive then the eight zeros of the octet are encoded as 000+-0-+ If an octet of all zeros occurs and the last voltage pulse preceding this octet was negative then the eight zeros of the octet are encoded as 000-+0+-

DIGITAL SIGNAL ENCODING FORMATS

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bipolar AMI

1 1 0 0 0 0 0

B8ZS

0 0 0

V B 0

V B

HDB3(High density bipolar 3 zeros)

0 0 0

V B

0 0

INTERFACE AT 2.048 Mbps

The ISDN interface is based on European transmission

structure of the same data rate Bit stream is structured into repetitive 256 bit frames Each frame consists of 32 ,8 bit time slots The Ist time slot is used for framing and synchronization purposes Frames repeat at the rate of 125s or 8000 frames per second Each channel supports 64kbps The transmission structure support 30 B channels and 1 D channel

Allocation of bits 1to8 of the frame in 2.048Mbps interface

Bit 1 number alternate frames 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Frame s1 0 containing note1 the frame allignment signal

Frame alignment signal

Frame not s1 1 A containing note1 Note2 Note the frame 3 allignment signal

Sa4

Sa5

Sa6 Note4

Sa7

Sa8

 Note1: bits reserved for international use eg CRC

Note2: this bit at 1 to assist in avoiding simulation of

the frame alignment signal Note3:remote alarm indication Note4:Sa4-Sa8=additional spare bits

U INTERFACE 2BIQ TRANSMISSION FRAME

U INTERFACE
Standard ANSI TI.601 Standard

The basic access structure consists of two 64 kbps B

channels and one 16kbps D channel. These channels produce a load of 144kbps are multiplexed over a 160kbps interface at the U reference point Remaining capacity used for various framing and synchronization purposes

Frame format
Synchronous TDM Scheme with repetitive basic

access transmission Fixed length format For a frame of 240bits long at 160kbps frames must repeat at a rate of one frame every 1.5ms

Frame structure has 3 parts

1. synchronization part

The 1st nine symbols (18 bits) of the frame form a

synchronization word. This word allows the receiver to synchronize easily 2. User data

The next 12 groups of 108 bits each carry B and D channels data channel for maintenance and other purpose.

3.M channel

The last 6 bits of the frames form a 4kbps M

ISDN DATA LINK

LAYER

Data link protocols for D & B channels

LAPD Data link protocol for D Channel

LAPB- is used for packet switched connections for B

Channel traffic end end circuit is used for circuit switched connections for B channel traffic. LAPF- Supports the frame mode bearer service

LAPD SERVICES
Multiple terminals at the user network installation

Multiple layer 3 entities (eg. X.25 Level 3, Q.931)

Unacknowledged information service Acknowledged information transfer service

three phases
1. connection establishment phase 2. data transfer phase

3. connection termination

LAPD PROTOCOL BASIC CHARACTERISITICS

Both user information and protocol control information

and parameters are transmitted in frames Two types of operation 1 .Unacknowledged operation: Layer 3 information is transferred in unnumbered frames. No error control or flow control 2. Acknowledged operation: Layer 3 information is transferred in frames that include sequence numbers and that are acknowledged. Error control and flow control are included

Frame structure
8 bits 16 bits 8 or16 bits variable 16 8

Original pattern fla

g Address

control

rIInformation

FCS

fla g

Original pattern: 11111111111101111110111110 After bit stuffing 1111101111101101111101011111010

Problem in bit stuffing

Fla frame g Bit inverted Transmitted

flag

fflag

flag RECEIVED FRAME

ffla g flag

flag flag
BIT INVERTED

TRANSMITTED FRAME flag RECEIVED FRAME

Address field
LAPD has two levels of multiplexing 1st at the subscriber site there may be multiple user device sharing the same physical interface 2nd within each user device there may be multiple types of traffic like packet switched data and control signalling

LAPD 2 PART ADDRESS

1. TERMINAL ENDPOINT IDENTIFIER

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

C/ R

SAPI

TEITEI

C/R = Command /response SAPI= Service access point identifier

TEI= Terminal endpoint Identifier

TTE 1 VALUE 0-63 64-126 127

USUSER TYPE Nonautomatic TE1 assignment user equipment Automatic TE1 assignment user equipment Used during automatic TE1 assignment

SAPI Assignments
SAPI Value rRelated protocol or Management Entity

0 16 32-61 63 All others

Call control procedures Packet communication conforming to x.25 level 3 Frame relay communication Layer 2 management procedures Reserved for future standarization

Control field format

10

11

12

13

14

15 16

INFORMATION TRANSFER

N(s)

P / F
0 0 0 P / F

N(R)

S S P / F

N(R)

SUPERVISORY

M M

M M M

UNNUMBERED N(S) = Transmitter send sequence number N(R)= Transmitter receive sequence number S= supervisory function bit M= modifier function bit P/F=Poll/final bit, p command frames f- response frames

Flag
Flag

The value of the flag is always (0x7E). In order to ensure that the bit pattern of the frame delimiter flag does not appear in the data field of the frame (and therefore cause frame misalignment), a technique known as Bit Stuffing is used by both the transmitter and the receiver.

FCS

The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) enables a high level of physical error control by allowing the integrity of the transmitted frame data to be checked. The sequence is first calculated by the transmitter using an algorithm based on the values of all the bits in the frame. The receiver then performs the same calculation on the received frame and compares its value to the CRC.

LAPD COMMANDS & RESPONSES

Name Comman d/ Response
C/R

Description

Information Supervisory(s) Receive ready(RR) Receive not ready(RNR) Reject(REJ) Unnumbered(U) Set asynchronous balanced Mode extended(SABME) Disconnect mode(DM) Unnumbered Information (UI)

Exchange user data

C/R C/R C/R C R C/R

+ve acknowledgement ready to receive I frame +ve acknowledgement not ready to receive -ve acknowledgement go back N Request logical connection Unable to establish or maintain logical connections Used to unacknowledged information transfer service

LAPD COMMANDS & RESPONSES

Disconnect (DISC) Unnumbered acknowledgement(UA) Frame reject (FRMR) Exchange identification(XID) C R R C/R Terminate logical link connection Acknowledge SABME or DISC Report receipt of unacceptable frame Exchange identification information

ACKNOWLEDGED OPERATION
EXCHANGE OF I-FRAMES, S-FRAMES AND U-

FRAMES BETWEEN TE & NETWORK OVER D CHANNEL Connection establishment Data transfer Disconnect Frame reject frame

Connection establishment
Logical connection requested by either network or

subscriber ie response from a layer 3 entity by transmitting a SABME (set synchronous balanced mode extended) The SABME contains TEI & SAPI of layer 3 entity The peer LAPD entity receives the SABME frame and gives a connection request to the layer 3 entity The layer 3 respnds with an acceptance of the connection The LAPD entity transmits a UA frame back On receipt the frame LAPD transmits a confirmation to the requesting user If destination user reject the connection request its LAPD entity returns a DM frames and

Data transfer
When connection request has been accepted and

confirmed and accepted the connection is established Both side send user data in I frames The N(S)& N(R) fields of the I frame are sequence numbers that support error and flow control The RR is used to acknowledge the last I frame received by indicating the next I frame expected RNR acknowledges an I frame and suspends transmission REJ indicates the frame is rejected and retransmission from beginning with N(R) is required

Disconnet
LAPD entity can initiate a disconnect or fault on

request from layer 3 user LAPD entity issues a disconnect on a particular logical connection by sending a DISC frame to the peer entity on the connection The remote entity must accept the disconnect by replying with a UA(unnumbered acknowledgement) and informing its layer 3 user that connection is terminated

Frame reject frame(FRMR)

FRMR is used to indicate that an improper frame

has arrived with the following conditions

1. the receipt of a control field that is

undefined ie not one of the encodings listed 2. the receipt of S frame or u frame with incorrect length 3. the receipt of invalid N(R) )range- sequence no from the last acknowledged frame to the sequence no of the last transmitted frame. The receipt of an I frame with an information field that exceeds the maximum established length.

Examples of acknowledged operation

LINK SETUP DISCONNECT

SIMULTANEOUS LINK SETUP

TE SABME SABME NT

TE SABME Time out SABME

NT

UA

UA

UA DISC

UA

BUSY CONDITION RECOVERY TE NT NT 1,2,0 I,3,0 RNR,4 RR,0,P RNR,4,F RR,O,P

REJECT RECOVERY TE I,3,0 NT TE

TIMEOUT

I,4,0 I,5,0 REJ,4

I,3,0 R,R,3 J

RR,O ,P I,4,0 RR,3,F I,5,0 1,6,0

RR,4,F

I,3,0 RR,4

I,4,0

Messages for TEI management procedures

Message name Identity request Identity request Identity request Direction Parameters Description Request automaticTEI assignment Assigns TEI Value

User- network Ri=random Ai=127 Network-user Ri= match identity request value Ai=TEI assignmet(04-126) Ri=match the identity request value Ai=Denied TEI value(64126) AI= 127(No TEI value available

Network-user

Denies an identity request

Identity Network-user check request

AI=TEI value to be checked (64-126) AI= 127(Check all values)

Allows network to either establish the TEI value is in user or verify

Messages for TEI management procedures

Identity check response User-network Ai=TEI value(0126) Ri=Random Ai=TEI Value=(0126) Ai=TEI value to be checked(0126) Ri=0 Responser by user equipment with matching TEI Removes a TEI VALUE Allows user side to request that the network invoke the identity check procedure for verification of duplicate TEI assignment

Identity remove Identity verify

Network-user User-network

6 1

Management entity identifier(00001111) Messages for TEI management procedures Reference number Message type E

Asynchronous transmission
uses start and stop bits to signify the beginning bit ASCII

character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits e.g.: A "0100 0001" would become "1 0100 0001 0". The extra one (or zero depending on parity bit) at the start and end of the transmission tells the receiver first that a character is coming and secondly that the character has ended. This method of transmission is used when data is sent intermittently as opposed to in a solid stream. In the previous example the start and stop bits are in bold. The start and stop bits must be of opposite .This allows the receiver to recognize when the second packet of information is being sent.

parity bit
A parity bit is a bit that is added to ensure that the

number of bits with the value one in a set of bits is even or odd. Parity bits are used as the simplest form of error detecting code.

Odd and even parity

There are two variants of parity bits: even parity bit and odd

parity bit. When using even parity, the parity bit is set to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits (not including the parity bit) is odd, making the number of ones in the entire set of bits (including the parity bit) even. When using odd parity, the parity bit is set to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits (not including the parity bit) is even, keeping the number of ones in the entire set of bits (including the parity bit) odd. In other words, an even parity bit will be set to "1" if the number of 1's + 1 is even, and an odd parity bit will be set to "1" if the number of 1's +1 is odd. Even parity is a special case of a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), where the 1-bit CRC is generated by the polynomial x+1. If the parity bit is present but not used, it may be referred to as mark parity (when the parity bit is always 1) or space parity (the bit is always 0).

Odd and even parity

An even parity bit will be set to "1" if the number of

1's + 1 is even An odd parity bit will be set to "1" if the number of 1's +1 is odd.

Odd and even parity

7 bits of data (number of 1s) even 8 bits including parity odd

0000000 (0) 1010001 (3)

1101001 (4) 1111111 (7)

00000000 11010001
01101001 11111111

10000000 01010001
11101001 01111111

Asynchronous serial communication

Asynchronous serial communication describes an asynchronous, serial

transmission protocol in which a start signal is sent prior to each byte, character or code word and a stop signal is sent after each code word. The start signal serves to prepare the receiving mechanism for the reception and registration of a symbol and the stop signal serves to bring the receiving mechanism to rest in preparation for the reception of the next symbol. A common kind of start-stop transmission is ASCII over RS-232, for example for use in teletypewriter operation. In the diagram, two bytes are sent, each consisting of a start bit, followed by eight data bits (bits 0-7), and one stop bit, for a 10-bit character frame. The last data bit is sometimes used as a parity bit. The number of data and formatting bits, the order of data bits, the presence or absence of a parity bit, the form of parity (even or odd) and the transmission speed must be pre-agreed by the communicating parties. The "stop bit" is actually a "stop period"; the stop period of the transmitter may be arbitrarily long. It cannot be shorter than a specified amount, usually 1 to 2 bit times. The receiver requires a shorter stop period than the transmitter. At the end of each character, the receiver stops briefly to wait for the next start bit. It is this difference which keeps the transmitter and receiver synchronized

Synchronous transmission
It uses no start and stop bits but instead

synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end of the transmission using clock signal(s) built into each component]. A continual stream of data is then sent between the two nodes. Due to there being no start and stop bits the data transfer rate is quicker although more errors will occur, as the clocks will eventually get out of sync, and the receiving device would have the wrong time that had been agreed in the protocol for sending/receiving data, so some bytes could become corrupted (by losing bits)Ways to get around

Synchronous versus Asynchronous Transmissions

There exists a hierarchy of synchronization tasks:

Bit level : recognizing the start and end of each bit Character or byte level : recognizing the start and end of each character (or small unit of data) Block or message level : recognize the start and end of each large unit of data (in networks this is a frame).

Synchronous Transmissions

More efficient, i.e., less overhead

Blocks of characters transmitted without start and

stop codes The transmitted stream is suitably encoded so the receiver can stay in synch by:

Using a separate clock line Embedding clocking information into data (e.g. biphase coding).

Synchronous versus Asynchronous Transmissions

A fundamental requirement of digital data communications is that the receiver knows the starting time and the duration of each bit. Asynchronous transmission :: each character (or byte) is treated independently for clock (bit) and character (byte) synchronization purposes and the receiver resynchronizes at the start of each character received. Synchronous transmission :: the complete frame is transmitted as a contiguous string of bits and the receiver endeavors to keep in synchronism with the incoming bit stream for the duration of the frame.

V series: Data communication over the telephone network V.1-V.9 : General V.1: Equivalence between binary notation symbols and the significant conditions of a two-condition code V.2: Power levels for data transmission over telephone lines V.4: General structure of signals of International Alphabet No. 5 code for character oriented data transmission over public telephone networks V.7: Definitions of terms concerning data communication over the telephone network V.8: Procedures for starting sessions of data transmission over the public switched telephone network V.8 bis: Procedures for the identification and selection of common modes of operation between data circuit-terminating equipments (DCEs) and between data terminal equipments (DTEs) over the public switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point telephone-type circuits V.10-V.34 : Interfaces and voiceband modems V.10/X.26: Electrical characteristics for unbalanced double-current interchange circuits operating at data signalling rates nominally up to 100 kbit/s V.11/X.27: Electrical characteristics for balanced double-current interchange circuits operating at data signalling rates up to 10 Mbit/s V.12: Electrical characteristics for balanced double-current interchange circuits for interfaces with data signalling rates up to 52 Mbit/s V.13: Simulated carrier control V.14: Transmission of start-stop characters over synchronous bearer channels V.15: Use of acoustic coupling for data transmission V.16: Medical analogue data transmission modems V.17: A 2-wire modem for facsimile applications with rates up to 14 400 bit/s V.18: Operational and interworking requirements for DCEs operating in the text telephone mode V.19: Modems for parallel data transmission using telephone signalling frequencies V.21: 300 bits per second duplex modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network V.22: 1200 bits per second duplex modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network and on point-to-point 2-wire leased telephone-type circuits V.22 bis: 2400 bits per second duplex modem using the frequency division technique standardized for use on the general switched telephone network and on point-to-point 2-wire leased telephone-type circuits

Replication Operator
Replication operator is used to replicate a group of bits n times. Say

you have a 4 bit variable and you want to replicate it 4 times to get a 16 bit variable: then we can use the replication operator. Operator Description {n{m}} Replicate value m, n times Repetition multipliers (must be constants) can be used:

{3{a}} // this is equivalent to {a, a, a}

Nested concatenations and replication operator are possible: {b, {3{c, d}}} // this is equivalent to {b, c, d, c, d, c, d}

Bit Stuffing
Each frame begins and ends with a special bit

pattern called a flag byte [01111110]. {Note this is 7E in hex} Whenever sender data link layer encounters five consecutive ones in the data stream, it automatically stuffs a 0 bit into the outgoing stream. When the receiver sees five consecutive incoming ones followed by a 0 bit, it automatically destuffs the 0 bit before sending the data to the network layer.

Bit Stuffing

Input Stream 0110111111100111110111111111100000 Stuffed Stream 01101111101100111110011111011111000000 Stuffed bits Unstuffed Stream 0110111111100111110111111111100000

Terminal Adaption

During transition period, existing ISDN-incompatible data communication devices can use a terminal adapter (TA). TA function iS to map a non-ISDN terminal to an ISDN interface. Functions that performed in this mapping are: Rate adaption: mapping low data stream into 64 kbps Signaling conversion: mapping signaling protocol into Q.931 X.25 conversion: converting functions of non-ISDN X.25 devices to operate on the B and/or D channels Physical interface conversion: mapping non-ISDN interface onto ISDNs twp twisted pairs at the S or T interface Digitization: analog-to-digital conversion for analog devices

Rate Adaption
It is desirable to have devices at data rates < 64 on B

channel much existing equipment operates at data rates less than 64 kbps having advantages of multiplexing ISDN is circuit-switched: all subchannels are on a single circuit one B channel for fax and PC (multiplexed) and one B channel for phone Rate adaption: to adapt a terminal with < 64 to a data rate of 64 For rates of 8, 16, or 32 kbps, simple bit positioning technique is used.

Alternatives for rate adaption to 64kbps B channel

Rate adaption for rates other than 8, 16, or 32 kbps

Synchronous circuit-mode devices

For rates < 32 kbps, a two-stage adaption function

is used. The user data rate is first converted to an intermediate rate of 8, 16, or 32 kbps, then in second stage (RA2) bit positioning method used. In circuit-switching rate adaption, the two subscriber operate at the same data rate (which is identified during call setup).

RATE ADAPTION (I.463/V.110)

Adaption of 2400-bps user rate to 8-kbs intermediate rate

 Ist octet is all zeros,1st bit of remaining 9 octets is 1.

this 17 bits is for frame alignment pattern for synchronization The 6th octet is 1 followed by E BITS i.e the user data 110 indicates user data rate is 2400 kbps The s bits are status bits convey channel associated status information The X bits are unused for future use

 Asynchronous circuit-mode devices

For handling asynchronous devices, a three stage

method is used. In first stage (RA0) asynchronous stream converts to sync data rate. The technique is to add additional stop bits between characters to step up data rate to the nearest intermediate rate acceptable by RA1.

Packet-mode support

support of packet-mode equipment over ISDN

operated < 64 kbps X.25 packets are transmitted in LAPB frames accepted from subscriber and buffered in TA. Each frame is then transmitted onto the B channel at 64 kbps with gaps being filled with flag (01111110): interframe flag stuffing Two-stage rate adaption is also possible but it is less flexible.

Circuit-mode support using LAPD framing

An alternative method of supporting synchronous

circuit-mode equipment is to encapsulate the incoming synchronous bit stream into LAPD frames and then adapted to 64 kbps by flag stuffing. The advantage of this method compared to the previously discussed method is that the data are transmitted now using a data link control protocol which provides for the benefits of flow and error control that are inherent in a link-control protocol.

Alternatives for rate adaption to 64kbps B channel

I,460
Rate adaption

8,16or32kbps Async circuit mode syn circuitmode

packet mode

circuit mode
LAPD framing

using

stop bit filling

PSPDN SERVICE <32kbps >32kbps

ISDN SERVICE

Framing

Replicate bits
64kbps

Replicate bits

Flag stuffing

Flag stuffing

64kbps

64kbps

64kbps

Bitbit 64kbps positioning

V.23: 600/1200-baud modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network V.24: List of definitions for interchange circuits between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuitterminating equipment (DCE) V.25: Automatic answering equipment and general procedures for automatic calling equipment on the general switched telephone network including procedures for disabling of echo control devices for both manually and automatically established calls V.25 bis: Synchronous and asynchronous automatic dialling procedures on switched networks V.26: 2400 bits per second modem standardized for use on 4-wire leased telephone-type circuits V.26 bis: 2400/1200 bits per second modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network V.26 ter: 2400 bits per second duplex modem using the echo cancellation technique standardized for use on the general switched telephone network and on point-to-point 2-wire leased telephone-type circuits V.27: 4800 bits per second modem with manual equalizer standardized for use on leased telephone-type circuits V.27 bis: 4800/2400 bits per second modem with automatic equalizer standardized for use on leased telephone-type circuits V.27 ter: 4800/2400 bits per second modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network V.28: Electrical characteristics for unbalanced double-current interchange circuits V.29: 9600 bits per second modem standardized for use on point-to-point 4-wire leased telephone-type circuits V.31: Electrical characteristics for single-current interchange circuits controlled by contact closure V.31 bis: Electrical characteristics for single-current interchange circuits using optocouplers V.32: A family of 2-wire, duplex modems operating at data signalling rates of up to 9600 bit/s for use on the general switched telephone network and on leased telephone-type circuits

V.32 bis: A duplex modem operating at data signalling rates of up to 14 400 bit/s for use on the general switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point 2-wire telephone-type circuits V.33: 14 400 bits per second modem standardized for use on point-to-point 4-wire leased telephone-type circuits V.34: A modem operating at data signalling rates of up to 33 600 bit/s for use on the general switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point 2-wire telephone-type circuits V.35-V.39 : Wideband modems V.36: Modems for synchronous data transmission using 60-108 kHz group band circuits V.37: Synchronous data transmission at a data signalling rate higher than 72 kbit/s using 60-108 kHz group band circuits V.38: A 48/56/64 kbit/s data circuit-terminating equipment standardized for use on digital point-to-point leased circuits V.40-V.49 : Error control V.41: Code-independent error-control system V.42: Error-correcting procedures for DCEs using asynchronous-to-synchronous conversion V.42 bis: Data compression procedures for data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) using error correction procedures V.43: Data flow control V.44: Data compression procedures V.50-V.59 : Transmission quality and maintenance V.50: Standard limits for transmission quality of data transmission V.51/M.729: Organization of the maintenance of international public switched telephone circuits used for data transmission V.53: Limits for the maintenance of telephone-type circuits used for data transmission

V.54: Loop test devices for modems V.55/O.71: Impulsive noise measuring equipment for telephone-type circuits V.56: Comparative tests of modems for use over telephone-type circuits V.56 bis: Network transmission model for evaluating modem performance over 2-wire voice grade connections V.56 ter: Test procedure for evaluation of 2-wire 4 kHz voiceband duplex modems V.58: Management information model for V-Series DCEs V.59: Managed objects for diagnostic information of public switched telephone network connected V-series modem DCEs V.60-V.99 : Simultaneous transmission of data and other signals V.61: A simultaneous voice plus data modem, operating at a voice plus data signalling rate of 4800 bit/s, with optional automatic switching to data-only signalling rates of up to 14 400 bit/s, for use on the General Switched Telephone Network and on leased point-to-point 2-wire telephone type circuits V.70: Procedures for the simultaneous transmission of data and digitally encoded voice signals over the GSTN, or over 2-wire leased point-to-point telephone type circuits V.75: DSVD terminal control procedures V.76: Generic multiplexer using V.42 LAPM-based procedures V.80: In-band DCE control and synchronous data modes for asynchronous DTE V.90: A digital modem and analogue modem pair for use on the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) at data signalling rates of up to 56 000 bit/s downstream and up to 33 600 bit/s upstream V.91: A digital modem operating at data signalling rates of up to 64 000 bit/s for use on a 4-wire circuit switched connection and on leased point-to-point 4wire digital circuits V.92: Enhancements to Recommendation V.90 V.100-V.199 : Interworking with other networks V.100: Interconnection between public data networks (PDNs) and the public switched telephone networks (PSTN) V.110/I.463: Support by an ISDN of data terminal equipments with V-series type interfaces V.120/I.465: Support by an ISDN of data terminal equipment with V-series type interfaces with provision for statistical multiplexing V.130: ISDN terminal adaptor framework V.140: Procedures for establishing communication between two multiprotocol audiovisual terminals using digital channels at a multiple of 64 or 56 kbit/s V.150.0: Modem-over-IP networks: Foundation

V.150.1: Modem-over-IP networks: Procedures for the end-to-end connection of V-series DCEs V.151: Procedures for the end-to-end connection of analogue PSTN text telephones over an IP network utilizing text relay V.152: Procedures for supporting voice-band data over IP networks V.153: Interworking between ITU-T T.38 and ITU-T V.152 using IP peering for real-time facsimile services V.200-V.249 : Interface layer specifications for data communication V.230: General data communications interface layer 1 specification V.250-V.299 : Control procedures V.250: Serial asynchronous automatic dialling and control V.251: Procedure for DTE-controlled call negotiation V.252: Procedure for control of V.70 and H.324 terminals by a DTE V.253: Control of voice-related functions in a DCE by an asynchronous DTE V.254: Asynchronous serial command interface for assistive and multi-functional communication devices V.300-V.399 : Modems on digital circuits V.300: A 128 (144) kbit/s data circuit-terminating equipment standardized for use on digital point-to-point leased circuits V supplements : Supplements to the Series V Recommendations

RATE ADAPTION (I.463/V.110)

R
RAO RAI RA2 S/T

Asynchronous 50-19,200 bps

Time fill with extra stop bits

Synchronous 2n*600bps <32kbps

Replic ate bits

Forma t into 80 bit frames

2k*8 kbps k kbps 0 8 1 16 2 32

Step up tp 64kbp s

50-19,200bps

n*600bps

64kbps

Multiplexing
combining traffic from multiple <64 terminals onto a 64 B ch. For data rate of 8, 16, or 32 kbps, bits from different streams, up to a total of 64 kbps, are interleaved within each octet.

fixed-format multiplexing
bit positions are fixed according to the data rate of incoming stream the 64-kbps capacity may not be utilized effectively

flexible-format multiplexing
first, subrate stream using fixed-format procedure is attempted. If it fails, subrate stream is added by inserting each successive bit of the new stream into the earliest available bit position in the B channel octet. always allows subrate streams to be multiplexed up to the 64kbps limit Of B channel Both methods are examples of synchronous TDM

Multiplexing for rates other than 8, 16, or 32 kbps

Circuit-mode devices
A two-stage approach is used: First, each stream is rate adapted to 8, 16, or 32 kbps. Second, the resulting streams are multiplexed.

Packet-mode support
multiplexing function is provided by layer 3 Virtual circuit mechanism of X.25 once a connection is made via a B or D ch. to a packet-switching node, multiple VCs can be set up across that connection.

Circuit-mode support using LAPD framing

using the 13-bit logical link identifier (LLI) field of LAPD frame with LLI, user can simultaneously establish multiple logical links over a single B channel circuit. LLI enables recipient to sort out the incoming traffic and to route it.

External virtual circuit

2 5

3 6

Packet switchin g network

6 B

ISDN NETWORK LAYER

Network layer protocol Q.931 is used.

It provides out of band call control for B & H

channels traffic It makes use of the D channel and operates at the network level OSI model It used for both circuit mode and packet mode communication Q.932 Provides additional function for controlling supplementary service services.

Overview of ISDN Network layer

It is a D Channel nerwork layer protocol

Used to establish,maintain and terminate network

connections Provides generic procedures for the invocation and operation of supplementary services.

Specifications for call control contained in six recommendations

Q.930- ISDN User network interface layer 3-general

aspects i.e the general terms the D channel layer 3 functions and protocols employed Q.931- Specification for basic call control establishing ,maintaining and clearing network connections at the user network interface Q.932 Generic procedures for the control of ISDN supplementary services in association with the existing calls or outside any existing calls Q.933- Specification for frame mode basic call control specifies procedures for establishing maintaining and clearing frame mode connections at the user NW interface

 Q.939 Typical DSS 1 service Indicator codings for

ISDN Telecommunications services provides specific codings for telecommunications services Q.950 Supplementary services protocols structure and general principles provides detailed procedures applicable for individual supplementary services

Model of Basic and supplementary services

Terminal call processing

Exchange call processing

Supplementary services protocol ( facility)

Basic service protocol (Q.931)

Supplementary services protocol ( facility)

Basic
service protocol (Q.931)

Q.931 messages LAPD I.430/I.431

Q.931 messages LAPD I.430/I.431

BASIC CALL CONTROL

Q.931 Specifies procedures for establishing

connections on B and h Channel . It also provides user user control signaling over the D channel This protocol relies on LAPD to transmit messages over the D channel. Q.931 message is encapsulated in a link layer frame. This link layer is transmitted on the D channel which is multiplexed at the physical layer with 0ther channels according to I.430 or I.431

Basic functions to be performed at the network layer for call control

Interaction with the data link layer (LAPD ) to

transmit and receive messages Generation and interpretation of layer 3 messages Administration of timers and logical entities (e.g call references) used in the call control procedures Administration of access resources including B channels and packet layer logical channels(X.25) Verification that services provided are consistent with user requirements

Other functions
Routing and relaying Network connection control Conveying user to network and network to user

information Network connection multiplexing Segmenting and reassembly Error detection error recovery Sequencing Congestion control and user data flow control restart

Call control Protocol architecture

Q.931

LAPD (Q.921)

Basic Primary interfac interface e (I.430) (I.431)

Terminal types
Functional terminals Are intelligent devices and can employ the full range of

Q.931 messages and parameters for call control Stimulus terminals These are devices with rudimentary signaling capability e.g digital telephone Usually generated by the actions by the terminal user(e.g handset lifted, key depression) Signaling messages contain instruction regarding the operations to be performed by the terminal Control functions are centralised in the exchange and functional exchange

Messages

Common message format defined in Q.931 Common fields Protocol discriminator: Used to distinguish messages for user network call control from other message types Call reference: Identifies the B or H channel call to which this message refers Message type: Identifies which Q.931 or Q.932 message is being sent. The contents of the remainder of the message depend on the message type

General message format

Protocol discriminator 0000
flag Length of call reference value

Call reference value

Message type Other information elements required

Protocol identifier
Used for Q.931 is binary 00001000.

Other values are available

Other types of layer 3 messages that may be carried

in a LAPD frame are assigned other numbers Large subset of possible 8 bit numbers are for use in X.25

Call reference field

Three subfields

Length field
Specifies the length of the remainder of the field in

octets The length is 1 octet for basic rate interface and 2 octets for primary rate interface The call reference value is the number assigned to the call This number is assigned by the TE or NTS

FLAG
The flag indicates which end of the LAPD logical

connection initiated the call Value is 0 if the message if from the side that originated the call Value is 1 if the message is to the side that originated this call reference The flag is need to prevent conflict in the event that both the NT and TE simultaneously select the same unused call reference value for a new connection

Type of messages

Q.931 are grouped along two dimensions Applications supported Functions they perform Messages apply to these applications circuit mode connection control Packet mode access connection control User-user signaling not associated with circuit switched calls Message used with the global call reference

Functions performed by messages

Call establishment

Used to set up a call

Includes messages between the calling terminal and

NW Supports services set up by a B channel call in response to user request Provides network facilities to the call Inform the user of the progress of the call establishment process. Call information

 Call clearing

Miscellaneous

Alternative for multiplexing on a 64Kbps

Bearer Channel Data Link Control

I.465/V.120 provides a technique for supporting

non-ISDN terminals over a B channel using a data link protocol that is a modified form of LAPD. Asynchronous protocol sensitive HDLC synchronous protocol sensitive Bit transparent I.465/V.120 provides a flexible and useful data link protocol for B ch.

 V.120 standard may be used in circuit-switching or

frame relay Over either circuit-mode or frame-mode connections Using either demand or semipermanent establishment of communications Over any of the following types of access channel: for circuit-mode connections: D, Ho, H10, or H11 for frame-mode connections: B, H0, H10, or H11, or D

Types of I.465/V.120 TE Connections