University of

Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Conjunction
Definition of The word to connect the
Conjunction ideas in a sentence.

Coordinate Conjunction
The Types
Subordinate Conjunction
 Two negative ideas are connected with neither...nor, o

Coordinate and...not either

Conjunction •
•
Neither Chris nor Martha went to the party.
Chris didn’t go to the party, and Martha didn’t eith
- The conjunction often used by compound
sentence. FANBOYS [for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.] But connects opposite ideas or contradictions

• Cindy doesn’t like pizza, but she loves ice cream.

Example:
• Bruce usually watches TV, but Lisa doesn’t.
• John likes pizza and ice cream
• Mary works downtown, and Tom does to.
Or refers to a choice
• We can spend our vacation at the beach or mountai
Using both:
• Both Tom and Mary enjoy swimming. Or and either can be used together
• We can have either pizza or chicken for dinner toni
Similar ideas are also connected with not only...but also.
• He’s not only good looking, but also rich. So refers to a result
• Sue needed more monet, so she got a second job.
 Subordinating The most common subordinating conjunctions are:

Conjunction After – later than the time that : later than when.
• Call me after you arrive at work
- The conjunction used to connect a dependent clause and
an independent clause, and establish a relationship Although – used to introduce a fact that makes an
between them. fact unusual or surprising
- Put at the beginning of the sentence (use comma) • Although she was tired, she couldn’s sleep.
- Put at the middle of the sentence (without comma)

Afer if Though Although As – used to introduce a statement which indicates

something mentioned was known
if only till As in order that • As we explained last class, cooerdinating conju
Unless As if Now that Until are sentence connectors
as long as once When as though
rather than whenever because since Because – for the reason that
Where before so that whereas • I painted the house because it was a horrible co
even if than wherever even though
Before – earlier than when
That that while • Come and visit me before you leave.
How – in what manner or way When – at or during the time that something
• Let me show you how to knit happened
• A teacher is good when he inspires the student.
If – used to talk about the result or effect of something that
may happen or be true Where – at or in the place that something
• It would be fantastic if you could come to the party happened
• We went to the restaurant where there most
Once – at the moment when : as soon as shade.
• Once you’ve learnt to cycle, it’s very easy.
Whether – used to indicate choices or possibilities
Since – used to introduce a statement that explains the reason • Will wasn’t sure whether to go to Indonesia or
for another statement Thailand
• since you’ve studied well, you can go outside and play.
While – during time that something happened
Than – used to introduce the second or last of two or more • While we were in Paris, it snowed.
things or people that are being compared
• My sister is older than I am. Until – up to time or point that something
happened
That – used to introduce a clause that states a reason or • We stayed up talking until the sun came up.
purpose
• Kate is happy that it’s summer again.
 Exercise!
1. It was cold outside _______ I put on an extra
sweater. 5. Rick likes to stay out late, _______ kate doesn‘t.
(A) but (C) or (A) either (B) or (C) but also (D) but
(B) so (D) either
6. ___the basement flooded, we spent all day cleaning up.
2. Our new house has a beautiful living room (B) After (B) Although (C) Before (D) Even if
_______ a very nice kitchen.
(C) but (C) both 7. I don‘t want to go to the movies ___ I hate the smell of popcorn.
(D) so (D) and (C) Although (B) Because (C) Whenever (D) So that

3. _______ Gloria nor Hank can come for 8. I paid Max,____garden design work is top-notch.
dinner tonight. (D) Whenever (B) Whose (C) After (D) If
(E) Neither (C) Both
(F) Either (D) But also 9. ____spring arrives, we have to be prepared for more snow.
(E) Because (B) Until (C) Although (D) Now that
4. _______ Bandung and Denpasar are
interesting cities to visit. 10. ____ the alarm goes off, I hit the snooze button.
(G) Either (C) Both (A) As soon as (B) Because (C) Before (D) Now that
(H) But (D) Not
 University of
Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Cause and
Effect
 Definition of
Cause and Effect

cause and effect -> The relationship

between two things when one thing
causes another to happen.
Example :
I was very tired as a result of working late.
The “cause” is working late; the
“effect” is very tired.

Nb: There could be multiple causes and

multiple effects.
The Use of Cause
and Effect Structure
• To demonstrate order, educate,
speculate, and alter actions.

• The structure employs a method

for systematically identifying
possible causes of a problem or
question.

• Used in social studies and science

classes.
 Cause
Because, since, as, as long as are followed by a
clause with subject and verb.

Example :
 We didn’t go the beach as the weather was bad.
 Joe got sick because he went outside without a
coat.
 
Because of, due to, as a result of, on account of,
from are followed by a noun and gerund.

 We didn’t go the beach on account of the bad

weather.
 Joe got sick from going outside without a coat.
Effect So, therefore, consequently
are followed by a clause with
subject and verb.

Example :

 John spent all her money,

so he couldn’t buy new
motorcycle.
 I didn’t study: consequently,
I didn’t do well on the test.
 Practice
!
Choose one word or phrase that best 3. John forgot to bring an umbrella … he got very wet.
completes the sentence! a. so
  b. because of
c. as long as
1. Several trees fell down last night … the
d. from
strong wind.  
a. because 4. Richard didn’t get much sleep last night, … he was
b. because of vey tired at work today.
c. since e. since
d. so f. due to
  g. as a result of
h. so
2. I walked to work today … my car had
 
broken down. 5. Florida is a good place to live … the nice weather.
e. because of i. as long as
f. from j. because of
g. because k. so
h. due to l. since
Identify the underlined word or phrase that should
be corrected or rewritten!
1. The registration process took many hours because of the line is long.
A B C D
 
2. The report needed to be completed. However, the workers stayed late every night for a week.
A B C D
 
3. They failed to meet the deadline, because they didn’t get the bonus.
A B C D
 
4. As long as the bad weather, the match was cancelled.
A B C D
 
5. Mr. White hasn’t sleep in four days because his illness.
A B C D
Parallel
Structure
Parallel structure (Pararellism)-> The repetition of
a chosen grammatical form within a sentence

 created by following the same grammatical pattern for

each compared item or concept in your sentence.

 if a sentence contains two or more numbers of items, the

grammatical form of the first item must be used to convey
the remaining ideas.

 multiple pieces of information are normally linked in a

parallel system by coordinating conjunctions. In different
sentences, a parallel structure can be built at the
expression, phrase, or clause level.
 With Coordinating Conjunction
(for, and, nor, yet, or, still, or so)

Not parallel : My hobbies are collecting

motorcycles and to modify sports cars.

Parallel : My hobbies are collecting

motorcycles and modifying sports cars.

With Corelative Conjunction

(not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, if...then,
etc.).
Not parallel : He’s not only funny but also he likes football.

Parallel : He’s not only funny but also he smart.

With Phrase or Clause Comparison
(comparison word, such as than or as)

Not parallel : I would rather pay for my education than financial aid.

Parallel : I would rather pay for my education than receive financial aid.

With List
(a reference term like than or as.)

Not parallel : John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they are
compulsory, funded by the government, and destroy students' humanity.

Parallel : John Taylor Gatto criticizes public schools because they are
compulsory, government funded, and normalizing.
 Practice
!
Choose one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence!
3. Do your work slowly and ….
A.Care
B.Carefully
  C.Careful
1. We enjoy swimming every summer and … every D.Cared
winter.  
A. To ski
4. The mechanics went to my office and … my
motorcycle.
B. Skiing
E. Repair
C. Skis F. Repairs
D. Skied G.Repairing
  H.Repaired
2. That train ride was uncomfortable but ….  
5. I never ride the bus or ….
E. Cheap
I. slow
F. Cheaply
J. the subway
G. Cheapens K.drove
H. Cheapen L. taking the rain
Identify the underlined word or phrase that should
be corrected or rewritten!

1. The students read each chapter, take a lot of notes, and memorizing the material.
A B C D
 
2. A Mechanic is responsible for repairing vehicles, machinery, and check light trucks.
A B C D
 
3. I want to leave work early and ate dinner downtown.
A B C D

4. To get to this office, you should go through this door, turn to the left, and continual down the hall.
A B C D
 
5. All day long during the trip, they were skiing, sledding, and played in the snow.
A B C D
 Final Term Preparation
1. Mr. Albert, the owner of the cigarette factory, is…man 6. My parents … in London for three years.
in this city. a. lives c. has lived
a. richer c. the most richest b. lived d. have lived
b. richest d. the richest  
7. Our emails must be … by the secretary before the end
 2. The man standing at the corner is handsome, … he? of this month.
a. don’t he c. aren’t he a. receiving c. receive
b. isn’t he d. doesn’t he b. received d. receives
   
3. This machine will work if you … the button. 8. My car …. last week, so I could attend the meeting.
c. presses c. press c. broken c. broke
d. pressed d. had pressed d. break d. breaking
   
4. The manager requested two … of the monthly report. 9. The shop was closed … COVID-19 pandemic.
e. copy c. copies a. because c. so
f. copied d. copying b. because of d. since
   
5. The water … too hot so I cannot drink it. 10. I will … to your new apartment next week.
a. are c. is a. Coming c. to come
b. isn’t d. were b. comes d. come
 Final Term Preparation
11. Please repair my car careful! It is very expensive. 16. Mr. Andi and Mrs. Milla was at the restaurant
A B C D A B
to meet their customers last week.
12. I decided going to London after the conference. C D
A B C D
  17. I think you must finished your homework first!
13. If the delivery is late, we would have paid the A B C D
A B C  
shipping charges. 18. The man is very creative, smart, and
D A B C
  having charisma.
14. They were very romantic couple this year, A D
B C  
wasn’t they? 19. Each people should be aware of the cleanliness of
D A B C D
  their environment.
15. I has been staying here for three hours.  
A B C D 20. He was reading a book when I coming home last
night.
Thank
you!