Chapter 1:

Introduction to Computers and Programming

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 1.3
Programs and Programming
Languages

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Programs and Programming Languages

• A program is a set of instructions that the

computer follows to perform a task

• We start with an algorithm, which is a set

of well-defined steps.

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Example Algorithm for Calculating Gross
Pay

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Machine Language
• Although the previous algorithm defines
the steps for calculating the gross pay, it is
not ready to be executed on the computer.
• The computer only executes machine
language instructions

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Machine Language
• Machine language instructions are binary
numbers, such as

1011010000000101

• Rather than writing programs in machine

language, programmers use programming
languages.

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Programs and Programming Languages

Types of languages:

Low-level: used for

communication with computer
hardware directly. Often written
in binary machine code (0’s/1’s)
directly.

High-level: closer to human

language

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Some Well-Known Programming
Languages

C++
BASIC Ruby
FORTRAN
Java
Visual Basic
COBOL
C# Swift
Rust JavaScript
C Python Go
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From a High-Level Program to an
Executable File
a) Create file containing the program with a text editor.
b) Run preprocessor to convert source file directives
to source code program statements.
c) Run compiler to convert source program into
machine instructions.
d) Run linker to connect hardware-specific code to
machine instructions, producing an executable file.
• Steps b–d are often performed by a single
command or button click.
• Errors detected at any step will prevent execution of
following steps.

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From a High-Level Program to an
Executable File

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Integrated Development Environments
(IDEs)
• An integrated development environment,
or IDE, combine all the tools needed to
write, compile, and debug a program into a
single software application.
• Examples are Microsoft Visual C++, Turbo
C++ Explorer, CodeWarrior, etc.

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Integrated Development Environments
(IDEs)

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 1.4
What is a Program Made of?

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What is a Program Made of?
• Common elements in programming
languages:
• Key Words
• Programmer-Defined Identifiers
• Operators
• Punctuation
• Syntax

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Program 1-1

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Key Words
• Also known as reserved words
• Have a special meaning in C++
• Can not be used for any other purpose
• Key words in the Program 1-1: using,
namespace, int, double, and return

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Key Words

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Programmer-Defined Identifiers
• Names made up by the programmer
• Not part of the C++ language
• Used to represent various things: variables
(memory locations), functions, etc.
• In Program 1-1: hours, rate, and pay.

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Operators
• Used to perform operations on data
• Many types of operators:
• Arithmetic - ex: +,-,*,/
• Assignment – ex: =

• Some operators in Program1-1:

<< >> = *

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Operators

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Punctuation
• Characters that mark the end of a
statement, or that separate items in a list
• In Program 1-1: , and ;

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Punctuation

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Syntax
• The rules of grammar that must be
followed when writing a program
• Controls the use of key words, operators,
programmer-defined symbols, and
punctuation

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Variables
• A variable is a named storage location in
the computer’s memory for holding a piece
of data.
• In Program 1-1 we used three variables:
• The hours variable was used to hold the
hours worked
• The rate variable was used to hold the pay
rate
• The pay variable was used to hold the gross
pay

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Variable Definitions
• To create a variable in a program you must
write a variable definition (also called a
variable declaration)

• Here is the statement from Program 1-1

that defines the variables:

double hours, rate, pay;

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Variable Definitions
• There are many different types of data,
which you will learn about in this course.

• A variable holds a specific type of data.

• The variable definition specifies the type of

data a variable can hold, and the variable
name.

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Variable Definitions
• Once again, line 7 from Program 1-1:

double hours, rate, pay;

• The word double specifies that the

variables can hold double-precision
floating point numbers. (You will learn
more about that in Chapter 2)

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 1.5
Input, Processing, and Output

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Input, Processing, and Output
Three steps that a program typically
performs:
1) Gather input data:
• from keyboard
• from files on disk drives
2) Process the input data
3) Display the results as output:
• send it to the screen
• write to a file

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 1.6
The Programming Process

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The Programming Process

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