Methods of Analysis
Methods of Analysis
1
Methods of Analysis
• Introduction
• Nodal analysis
• Nodal analysis with voltage source
• Mesh analysis
• Mesh analysis with current source
• Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection
• Nodal versus mesh analysis
2
3.2 Nodal Analysis
3
Figure 3.1
4
Figure 3.2
5
6
7
Example 3.1
8
Example 3.1
At node 1
9
Example 3.1
At node 2
10
Example 3.1
In matrix form:
11
Example 3.2
12
Example 3.2
At node 1,
13
Example 3.2
At node 2
14
Example 3.2
At node 3
15
Example 3.2
In matrix form:
16
3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
Case 1: The voltage source is connected between a
nonreference node and the reference node: The
nonreference node voltage is equal to the
magnitude of voltage source and the number of
unknown nonreference nodes is reduced by one.
Case 2: The voltage source is connected between
two nonreferenced nodes: a generalized node
(supernode) is formed.
17
3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
18
A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent
or independent) voltage source connected between
two nonreference nodes and any elements
connected in parallel with it.
The required two equations for regulating the two
nonreference node voltages are obtained by the
KCL of the supernode and the relationship of node
voltages due to the voltage source.
19
Example 3.3
i1 i2
20
Example 3.4
21
Example 3.4
At suopernode 1-2,
22
Example 3.4
At supernode 3-4,
23
3.4 Mesh Analysis
24
Fig. 3.15
25
Fig. 3.16
A nonplanar circuit.
26
Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .., in to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to
express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the
mesh currents.
27
Fig. 3.17
28
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,
For mesh 2,
29
Solve for the mesh currents.
30
Example 3.5
31
Example 3.5
For mesh 1,
For mesh 2,
32
Example 3.6
33
Example 3.6
For mesh 2,
34
Example 3.6
For mesh 3,
35
3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
36
Case 1
● Current source exist only in one mesh
37
Fig. 3.23
38
Properties of a Supermesh
39
Example 3.7
40
If a supermesh consists of two meshes, two
equations are needed; one is obtained using
KVL and Ohm’s law to the supermesh and the
other is obtained by relation regulated due to
the current source.
41
Similarly, a supermesh formed from three meshes
needs three equations: one is from the supermesh
and the other two equations are obtained from the
two current sources.
42
43
3.6 Nodal and Mesh Analysis by
Inspection
The analysis equations can be
obtained by direct inspection
45
In general, the node voltage equations in terms of
the conductances is
or simply
Gv = i
46
The circuit has two nonreference nodes and the
node equations were derived as
47
In general, if the circuit has N meshes, the mesh-
current equations as the resistances term is
or simply
Rv = i
49
Example 3.8
50
Example 3.8
51
Example 3.9
52
Example 3.9
53
3.7 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis
Both nodal and mesh analyses provide a systematic
way of analyzing a complex network.
The choice of the better method dictated by two
factors.
● First factor : nature of the particular network. The key
is to select the method that results in the smaller
number of equations.
● Second factor : information required.
54
BJT Circuit Models
55
Example 3.13
56
Example 3.13
57
3.10 Summery
59
Assignment #2
60