UNIT 43 - FURTHER ELECTRICAL

MACHINES
AND DRIVES

LECTURE 02
s

Mrs. Fathima Sharqa

Lecturer
Electrical & Electronic Engineering
THREE PHASE
INDUCTION
MACHINE
 CLASSIFICATION OF
INDUCTION MOTOR
Depending on the rotor construction, induction motor can be classified into two
categories:
1. Squirrel-cage induction motor.
2. Slip-ring induction motor or wound rotor induction motor.

Depending on the number of phases it can be classified as:

1. Single-phase induction motor
2. Three-phase induction motor

Electrical Machines 3
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR
INTRODUCTION
 The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor for household

applications,
 Such as refrigerators, washing machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps.

 The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron core with two windings arranged

perpendicularly.
 Main winding

 Auxiliary winding or starting winding

OPERATION PRINCIPLE
 A single-phase ac current supplies the main winding that
produces a pulsating magnetic field.
 Mathematically, the pulsating field could be divided into two
fields, which are rotating in opposite directions.
 The interaction between the field and the current induced in
the rotor bars generates opposing torque.
 Under these conditions, with only the main field energized
the motor will not start.
 However, if an external torque moves the motor in any
direction, the motor will begin to rotate
STARTING METHOD
 The single-phase motor starting torque is zero because of the pulsating single-phase magnetic
flux.
 The starting of the motor requires the generation of a rotating magnetic flux similar to the
rotating flux in a three-phase motor.
 Two perpendicular coils that have a current 90° out of phase can generate the necessary
rotating magnetic field which starts the motor.
 Therefore, single-phase motors are built with two perpendicular windings.
 THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTORS
TYPES OF INDUCTION
MOTORS
 Single-phase induction motors

Residential electrical appliances such as:

Grinder, vacuum cleaner, refrigerator, washing machine, etc.

 Three-phase induction motors

Used in industrial applications

INTRODUCTION
Most widely used electrical motor in the industry.

Advantages
 Simple construction
 Relatively cheap
 Requires little maintenance
 High efficiency
 Self-starting torque
CONCEPT
CONSTRUCTION
The three basic parts of an AC motor are the rotor, stator, and enclosure.
A stationary stator
consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
core, constructed from stacked laminations, having a number of
evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the stator winding
STATOR
 Stator frame
 Stator core
 Stator winding (field winding)
 In three-phase motors, the stator carries a three-phase winding (called stator
winding)
 It consists of a steel frame that encloses a hollow, cylindrical core made up of
thin laminations coil of silicon steel to reduce hysteresis and eddy current
losses.
 Three-phase stator windings is wound for a definite number of the pole as per
the requirement of speed.
 When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field
of constant magnitude is produced.
 This rotating field induce current in the rotor by electromagnetic induction.
ROTOR
 Rotor carries short circuit windings (called rotor winding)
 Rotor is mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots on its outer periphery.
 CONSTRUCTION OF
INDUCTION MACHINE
 According to winding placed in these slots, there are two types of induction motors,
1. Squirrel cage induction motor
2. Wound rotor induction motor

Squirrel cage induction motor

 It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slots on its outer periphery
 Advantage – Simple
 Disadvantage – Low starting torque, due to rotor are permanently short-circuited and it is not
possible to add external resistance.
Squirrel cage type:
Rotor winding is composed of copper bars embedded in the rotor slots
and shorted at both end by end rings
Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance

Wound rotor type:

Rotor winding is wound by wires. The winding terminals can be
connected to external circuits through slip rings and brushes.
Easy to control speed, more expensive.
Wound rotor induction motor
 It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and carrier three-
phase winding, similar to the one on the rotor.
 Rotor winding is uniformly distributed in the slots and is
usually start connected.
 The open ends of the three rotor wires are tied to a slip ring on
the rotor’s shaft. The rotor windings are shorted through
brushes riding on the slip rings.
 Wound rotor induction motor therefore have their rotor currents
accessible at the stator brushes, where they can be examined
and where extra resistance can be inserted into the rotor circuit.
 It is possible to take advantage of these features to modify the
torque-speed characteristic of the motor.
COMPARISON OF ROTOR
TYPE IN INDUCTION
MOTORS.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 A Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) is set up in the stator when a 3-phase supply is given.

 The stationary rotor cut the revolving field and due to electromagnetic induction an e.m.f is

induced in the rotor conductor.

 As the rotor conductor is short-circuited current flow through them.

 It becomes a current carrying conductor in the magnetic field and starts rotating.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Synchronous speed
 When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field
of constant magnitude is produced.
 The speed of this rotating magnetic field by the stator is called synchronous
speed
 This is depend upon the number of poles (P) on the stator and the supply
frequency (f).
Slip (S)
 Rotor is tried to follow the rotating magnetic field. But in practice, rotor can’t reach the

synchronous speed.
 So,

S=

 Where , is the speed of the rotor (mechanical speed).

 Maximum value for the slip is 1, when rotor is stationary S=1, when This condition is called as

blocked rotor or locked rotor condition.

 Minimum value for the slip is 0, when rotor is rotating at synchronous speed.

S = 0, when ; this is happening at no-load.

 Rotor frequency ,

=s

Where is the electrical frequency.

(
EXAMPLE 01
 A 208V, 10 hp, four-pole, 60-Hz, Y-connected induction motor has a full-load slip of 5

percent.
a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor?

b) What is the rotor speed of this motor at the rated load?

c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at the rated load?

d) What is the shaft torque of this motor at the rated load?

SOLUTION
a) = = 1800 rpm
b) S = 5%
S=

= (1 – 0.05) X 1800 = 1710 rpm

c) =s
= 0.05 X 60 = 3Hz
d) T = (P * 746 * HP) / N
(Where, P is No. of pole, N is speed in rpm, HP is Horsepower)
T = (4 X 746 X 10)/1710 = 17.45 Nm
THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
THE ROTOR CIRCUIT
MODEL
 In an induction motor, when the voltage is applied to the stator windings, a voltage is induced
in the rotor windings of the machine.
 In general, the greater the relative motion between the rotor and the stator magnetic fields, the
greater the resulting rotor voltage and rotor frequency.
 The largest relative motion when the rotor is stationary, called the locked-rotor or blocked-
rotor condition, so the largest voltage and rotor frequency arc induced in the rotor at that
condition.
 The smallest voltage (0V) and frequency (0Hz) occurs when the rotor moves at the same
speed as the stator magnetic field, resulting in no relative motion.
 Therefore, if the magnitude of the induced rotor voltage at locked-rotor condition is called ,
the magnitude of the induced voltage at any slip will be given by the equation,
=
 This voltage is induced in a rotor containing both resistance and reactance.

 The rotor resistance is constant, independent of slip, while the rotor reactance is affected in a
more complicated way by slip
=
 Where is the blocked-rotor rotor reactance.
THE ROTOR CIRCUIT
MODEL
THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
INDUCTION MOTOR
TORQUE-SPEED
CHARACTERISTICS