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Telemetry

The document describes different types of telemetry systems including wire-link, radio-link, and fiber-optic systems. It then discusses direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) telemetry systems in more detail. DC systems can be direct voltage or direct current, while AC systems use amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM) of a carrier signal. AM and FM systems are described including their sending and receiving components, sources of transmission error, and advantages/disadvantages. Overall, the document provides an overview of common telemetry system classifications and operating principles.

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134 views28 pages

Telemetry

The document describes different types of telemetry systems including wire-link, radio-link, and fiber-optic systems. It then discusses direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) telemetry systems in more detail. DC systems can be direct voltage or direct current, while AC systems use amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM) of a carrier signal. AM and FM systems are described including their sending and receiving components, sources of transmission error, and advantages/disadvantages. Overall, the document provides an overview of common telemetry system classifications and operating principles.

Uploaded by

Niha chowdhury
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Telemetry System

MIE 211
1
1
Introduction

• Telemetry is the automatic measurement and wireless


transmission of data from remote sources.

• In general, telemetry allows for the robust collection of


data and its delivery to centralized systems where it can
be used effectively. 
Block Diagram
Classification of Telemetry Systems

 Telemetry systems were classified on the


basis of the signal transmission medium or
link used in

I. Wire-link or wire telemetry system


II. Radio or wireless telemetry system
III. Optical-fiber or fiber-optic
telemetry system.
Classification of Telemetry Systems
Telemetry systems can be classified on the basis of the
modulation method used as under

I. DC telemetry systems
1. Direct voltage telemetry system
2. Direct current telemetry system

II. AC telemetry systems


1. Amplitude modulation (AM) telemetry system
2. Frequency modulation (FM) telemetry system
I. DC Telemetry Systems

 The transmission signal for DC telemetry systems


is either a DC voltage or a DC current and the
signal transmission medium is essentially a pair
of copper wires.

 Obviously no modulation or carrier is used in


these systems
1. Direct Voltage Telemetry System

Principle: Transmission signal for this telemetry system is


a direct voltage (DC voltage) signal and the signal
transmission medium is essentially a copper wire line,
which is usually designed for a maximum voltage of about
80V.
1. Direct Voltage Telemetry System

Sending-End Scheme:
As shown in the figure below,
 the transducer (sensor) converts the input physical variable
(measurand) to an electrical quantity, which is either an electrical
parameter or an electrical signal.

 This output is processed by appropriate electronic circuits (signal


conditioner unit) to yield a voltage signal, typically in the range of
0-1V to 0-10V. Typically, the voltage is linearly proportional to the
value of the measurand.

 This voltage signal is then suitably amplified to a value Vdc1 and


transmitted on the copper wire link.
1. Direct Voltage Telemetry System

Receiving-End Scheme:

 To maintain simplicity of the system, the end device at


the receiving end is a permanent-magnet moving-coil
(PMMC) voltmeter. This type of meter has two important
advantages of high sensitivity and scale linearity.

 The meter measures the voltage at the receiving end of


the line, Vdc2. Its scale is calibrated in terms of measurand
(M), so that the user can read the value of M directly
1. Direct Voltage Telemetry System

Transmission Error: The voltage at the receiving end


is given by
Vdc2 = Vdc1 – I R
where I is the line current and R is the resistance of the line

However, R changes with the ambient temperature and thus


calibration remains valid only for the temperature at which the
calibration was carried out. Any variations in the temperature would,
therefore, lead to a telemetry error (specifically the transmission
error part). To control or minimize this error, one has to minimize I, R
and the temperature variations to which the wire line is subjected.
1. Direct Voltage Telemetry System
Based on the foregoing analysis, the following measures can
be recommended for minimizing transmission error in this
telemetry system:
a) The resistance of the PMMC voltmeter should be maximum for a
minimum value of the line current, I.

b) The telemetry system should be used for short distances only to


ensure a low value of the line resistance, R.

c) Only an underground cable, as against open wires, should be used


because the former is not directly exposed to the usually large
variations in ambient temperature.
1. Direct Voltage Telemetry System
Merits/ Advantages: The obvious merits of direct voltage
telemetry system are
1. Simplicity of the system and its components
2. Low cost of the system as there are no specialized components

Demerits/ Disadvantages: The demerits of this telemetry system


are

3. It can be used only for short distances as both the error and the
cost of line increase with the length of the wire line
4. As the line current is small, the leakage currents could become
comparable and thereby cause a large error in the meter reading.
1. Direct Voltage Telemetry System

Application: Because of the above demerits, this type of


telemetry system is not favored in practice.
2. Direct Current Telemetry System
Principle: Transmission signal for this telemetry system is
a direct current (DC current) signal and the signal
transmission medium is essentially a copper wire line. The
most commonly used current signal is 4-20mA, but
sometimes other ranges like 0-20mA or 0-10mA are also
used in industry.
Assignment

1. Sending-End , Receiving-End Scheme, Transmission


error, application, advantages and Disadvantages of
Direct Current Telemetry System?

Last Date of Submission Hardcopy: 31 August 2022


AC Telemetry Systems
 The transmission signal for AC telemetry systems
is a modulated AC (sinusoidal) signal.

 The type of modulation is either amplitude


modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM).

 The signal transmission medium is either a pair


of copper wires, which would use an audio-
frequency (AF) carrier, or a radio link, which
would need a radio-frequency (RF) carrier
AM Telemetry System

Principle: Transmission signal for this telemetry


system is an amplitude-modulated AC signal.
Generally an AF sinusoidal signal is used as the
carrier and a wire line as the transmission medium.
AM Telemetry Systems
AM Telemetry Systems
Sending-End Scheme:

• This system is preferably used with variable-inductance


transducers. These transducers need to be connected in an AC
excited Wheatstone bridge.

• A complementary pair of inductive transducers, T1 & T2, forms two


adjoining arms of the bridge, while the remaining arms are two
fixed identical resistances, R1 & R2.
AM Telemetry Systems
Sending-End Scheme:

• The output of the bridge, which is the out-of-balance voltage, has


obviously the same frequency as that of the excitation source
(oscillator), while its amplitude increases with the variation of the
transducer inductance, or in other words with the value of the
measurand applied to it.

• Thus the bridge output is an amplitude-modulated AF signal,


where the value of the measurand is causing the modulation. This
signal is amplified in an AC amplifier to the desired level of
amplitude before sending it on the wire line.
AM Telemetry Systems
Receiving-End Scheme: For the reasons given under Direct
Voltage Telemetry System, the end device is a PMMC voltmeter. Since
it can read only a DC or a unidirectional voltage, a rectifier is placed
before the meter. Because of the mechanical inertia of its moving
parts, the meter responds to the average or peak value of the
rectified voltage waveform. Its scale is calibrated in terms of the
measurand (M), so that the user can read the value of M directly.
AM Telemetry Systems

Transmission Error: If we compare the performance of the


AM telemetry system with that of the direct voltage
telemetry system, the voltage drop in the present case will
be more because the line inductance in addition to line
resistance will cause this drop. Consequently the variation
in voltage drop and the error will also be higher.
AM Telemetry Systems
The measures to be taken to minimize transmission error in the AM
telemetry system are identical to those identified for the direct
voltage system. These are as follows:

a) The resistance of the PMMC voltmeter should be maximum for a


minimum value of the line current.

b) The telemetry system should be used for short distances only to


ensure a low value of the line impedance.

c) Only an underground cable, as against open wires, should be used


because the former is not directly exposed to the usually large
variations in ambient temperature.
AM Telemetry Systems
Merits/ Advantages: The obvious merits of AM telemetry system
are

1. Simplicity of the system and its components


2. Low cost of the system as there are no specialized components

Demerits/ Disadvantages: The demerits of AM telemetry system


are

3. It can be used only for short distances as both the error and the
cost of line increase with the length of the wire line.
4. As the line current is small, the leakage currents could become
comparable and thereby cause a large error in the meter reading.
AM Telemetry Systems

Application: Because of the above demerits, AM telemetry


systems are not in common use. It may be useful only
where inductive transducer suits the given measurand and
the distance is short.
FM Telemetry System
Principle: Transmission signal for this telemetry system is
a frequency-modulated AC signal. Generally a RF sinusoidal
signal is used as the carrier and a radio link as the
transmission medium.
FM Telemetry System

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