Seatwork # ____

TASK: Inside the two boxes, draw two different images of something
that you consider beautiful.

SIMILARITY: (Two sentences)

DIFFERENCE: (Two sentences)
LESSON 8: Art of Emerging
Europe
By the end of the lesson, you should be
able to:

1. Identify the major periods in Western

art history;
2. Compare and contrast the artworks
produced during the different time
periods and art movements; and
3. Discuss the importance of art to the
development of Western culture.
ANCIENT
GREECE
The Greeks were known to excel in various
fields and aspects of society. For example, their
political ideals eventually became the
framework for the democratic form of
government in modern times. They also valued
poetry, drama, and philosophy which remain
interesting fields of study for the contemporary
times.
The Greeks were known to place
prime importance in the use of
reason. For this civilization, man
was at the center of society and
how they trained their minds
could be the very foundation of
how they lived their lives. The
humanist ideals of the Greeks
were reflected in their democratic
form of government. This certain
level of freedom was also
reflected in their artworks,
architecture, literature, and
philosophy.
The development of Greek art can be divided
into four periods:

Geometric
Archaic
Classical
Hellenistic
 GEOMETIC PERIOD
(c. 900 to 700 B.C.)

The Geometric Period was a time when

Greece was starting to get back from the
onslaught of what seemed to be their Dark
Ages. It was a period when geometric
shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight
in most of the artworks.
 ARCHAIC PERIOD
(c. 800- 479 BCE)

The Archaic Period, on the other

hand, placed importance on
human figures. This was
primarily a result of Greece’s
trading activities with other
civilizations.
 CLASSICAL PERIOD
(ca. 480–323 B.C.)

The peak of Greek sculpture

and architecture was during the
Classical Period. It was during
this time when the Greeks
found themselves rebuilding
their temples and focusing on
creating artworks.
 HELLENISTIC PERIOD

The time of Alexander the Great was

called the Hellenistic Period. During this
art was primarily focused on showcasing
emotions and depicting reality. Hellenistic
sculptures started to emphasize balance
while showcasing dynamic poses and a
number of emotions evoked by subjects.
One of the famous Hellenistic sculptures is
the “Lacoon and His Sons.”
Marble statue of Poseidon, from
Melos, Cyclades. 125-100 BC.
The sculpture depicts Lacoon, a Trojan priest, and his sons
being strangled by serpents. Their position was a result of
Lacoon’s instructions during the Trojan War. He instructed to
keep the gates of Troy locked up because he felt that the
wooden horse offered by the Greeks as a gift to Athena was a
trick. Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea was enraged by
such action which led him to send serpents to strangle
Lacoon and his sons.
The origins of theater and drama can be traced back during
the Greek civilization. The followers of Dionysus – the god
of fertility – started the Greek theater. People who were
devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while
giving their offerings to their god. Eventually, the Dionysians
devised a more structured form of drama involving dances
and choral songs, which depicted Greek mythologies.
Eventually the Greeks organized theatrical contests where
the performances were held in front of large citizens.
 The theatre of Epidaurus represents the finest and
best-preserved example of a classical Greek theatre. 
ANCIENT ROME
The Roman Republic was
established around 500 BCE. This
civilization eventually transformed
into one of Western Europe’s
mightiest empires. Since they had
expanded and covered many
territories, they interacted with
neighboring civilizations,
particularly with the Greeks.
It can be said that Roman
civilization came of age
during the Hellenistic Period.
As mentioned earlier, it was a
period when the Greek
culture’s influence has
reached its peak in the
Mediterranean world.
The Romans were fond of the
Greeks and their achievement
in the arts, the fusion of Greek
and Roman cultures can be
seen in most Roman artworks.
Roman artworks are often looking stern, harsh, and strong.
Romans also invoked the principles of realism in most of
their works, highlighting the features of human beings.

Relief from the Ara Pacis

Augustae (Altar of Augustan
Peace), 9 B.C.E. monument
Aside from that, the Romans were also known to
be master builders, which earned their reputation
for grand monuments and architectural
infrastructures. One of their architectural
achievements would have to be the Colosseum.
This amphitheater was planned and
constructed during the reign of
Emperor Vespasian. One of its
main uses was for entertainment
purposes like public events and
gladiator games. This structure was a
concrete manifestation of Roman
builders’ craftsmanship which focused
on logical organization of the entire
edifice.
Ancient Greece had a huge impact in the formation of
Roman culture. There are a lot of Greek influences evident in
Roman theater and drama. Writers of comedy like Platus and
Terence have patterned their works to those of Greek works.
Since the Roman audience was not as enthusiastic abut
theatrical works unlike their Greek counterparts, most plays
had to be included in the Roman games.
MIDDLE
5th-15th Century
AGES
As the term denotes, it is the period
between the decline of the Roman
Empire and the Renaissance. It was a
period that is characterized by
ignorance and darkness. Also, during
this time the Church was the central
figure and authority. Thus, the most
important products of the early Middle
Ages would have to be copied of the
Christian scriptures.
 The printing press came later after
the Middle Ages, so copies of the
scriptures were done by hand.
These copies were also done with
illustrations and decorations which
highlight the religious focus of the
period.

Johannes Gutenberg's work on the printing press began in

approximately 1436
During this time. Great cathedrals were also built. These
cathedrals can be categorized into two periods:

• Romanesque (1050-1200), inspired by the old Roman

Empire; and
• Gothic (1200 – 1500), which had a more northern flavor
from the Goths – vulgar and barbarian.
 Maria Laach Abbey, Germany

Romanesque architecture, architecture current in Europe

from about the mid-11th century to the advent of Gothic
architecture. 
 Cologne, Germany
Gothic architecture, architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid
12th century to the 16th century.
RENAISSAN
14th-17th Century

CE
During the Renaissance Period, artists valued the
“individual” as a subject of arts. The influence of humanism
shifted the focus of some artwork’s during the Renaissance
Period to empower the “individual”. Most artworks
emphasized naturalism, which was also an influence of
humanism since there was a great emphasis on the
proportionality of the human body.
“David” by Michaelangelo
During the Renaissance Period, there
was also a revival of Roman theatrical
plays. These plays were performed
during special occasions at the courts
of Italian princes. The plays were done
in such a way that showcased grand
and lavish entertainment for the
audience.
Theater of Pompey was a structure in Ancient Rome built during the latter part of the
Roman Republican era by Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus). Completed
in 55 BC, it was the first permanent theatre to be built in Rome
Aside from the song and dance numbers, they invested in
elaborate stages and costumes for the actors. Eventually,
this would lead to Italy’s opera, which have greatly
influenced their tradition of popular theater.
Teatro La Fenice ("The Phoenix") is an opera house in Venice, Italy. It is
one of "the most famous and renowned landmarks in the history of Italian
theatre",and in the history of opera as a whole.
MANNERIS
1515 to 1524

M
Mannerism was a period in art history, which was a product
of the Renaissance Period. During the Renaissance, artists
would observe nature and try their best to emulate it based
on their observations. As the Renaissance ended, artists
started directly copying subjects from existing works of art.
Most artworks during this period displayed:

• Distorted figures
• Two-dimensional spaces
• Discordant hues and colors
• Lack of defined focal point
In Parmigianino's Madonna with
the Long Neck (1534–40),
Mannerism makes itself known by
elongated proportions, highly
stylized poses, and lack of clear
perspective.
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO
1600-1750
The term “baroque” is derived from the Portuguese term
barocco which is translated as “irregularly shaped pearl.”
This is a suitable description to some historians was a
response to Protestantism. This period roughly spanned from
1600 to 1750.
This was a time when Italy, in particular, strengthened not only
their religion but also other aspects like politics and art. Expansion
was the central theme of this period, which became very much
evident in the artworks produced during this time.

Motion and space were taken into consideration by artists like the
use of:
• Dramatic lighting
• Concept of time
The Adoration of the Magi is a very large oil painting by the Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul
Rubens. He first painted it in 1609 and later gave it a major reworking between 1628 and 1629
during his second trip to Spain. It is now in the Museo del Prado in Madrid.
Aside from art, music also flourished during the Baroque
Period. This is because people believed that music could
serve as powerful tool to communicate messages that can
evoke certain feelings among its listeners.
Baroque music was able to clearly
distinguish loud from soft and solo
from ensemble. Since the birthplace of
this period was in Rome, it did not
come as a surprise that most
composers come from Italy.
 This includes Vivaldi, Corelli, and Monteverdi.

Claudio Giovanni Antonio

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March Arcangelo Corelli (17 February
Monteverdi (15 May 1567
1678 – 28 July 1741) was an 1653 – 8 January 1713) was an
(baptized) – 29 November 1643)
Italian Baroque musical Italian violinist and composer
was an Italian composer, string
composer, virtuoso violinist, of the Baroque era.
player and choirmaster.
teacher, and priest.
Eventually, the influence of Baroque music composers
include Germany’s Bach and Handel. Since baroque
composers, through their works, tried to evoke certain
emotions from their audience, they began to make more
complex musical compositions and performances.
NEOCLASSICISM
Neoclassicism
(1770-1830)
Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe that transpired
during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It
was the dominant art movement that time which basically
aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and
Roman into art and architecture.
 Neoclassicism was a
movement in Europe that
transpired during the late
eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries. It was
the dominant art movement
that time which basically
aimed to revive and
rekindle the influences of
Greek and Roman into art
and architecture.
(Psyche revived by the kiss of Love)
Antonio Canova (Italian, 1757–1822)
The ancient Greeks and Europeans had placed emphasis on
human reason and keeping society in order. These very
principles were also the dominant principles during the
Enlightenment Period.
 Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix (or Venus Victorious) is a semi-nude
life-size reclining neo-Classical portrait sculpture by the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova.
ROMANTICISM
(1800 to 1850)
Romanticism, as an art movement, used the central
themes of Neoclassicist artworks as a springboard.
Romanticists have highlighted heroic elements into their
work. During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a
tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic
movements.
One of the major revolutions in history would be the French
Revolution. Such revolutionary movements became the focal
point of most Romantic works.
 La Liberté guidant le
peuple, painting by
Eugène Delacroix
commemorating the July
Revolution of 1830
The major and central themes of Romanticism movement
include the emphasis on the goodness of mankind. Most
works also promoted:
• justice,
• equality,
• and social order
Artists also emphasized emotions and feelings of man, which
was a deviation from the humanist principles of rationalism.
The Raft of the Medusa – originally titled Scène de Naufrage (Shipwreck Scene) – is an oil
painting of 1818–19 by the French Romantic painter and lithographer Théodore Géricault
(1791–1824).
REALISM
(1840-1900)
Realism as a style of work focuses on the accuracy of details
that depicts and somehow mirrors reality. There is little room
for imagination in this movement since emphasis is placed in
observable trails that can concretize through artworks.
Realism as a modern movement in art veered away from
traditional forms of art. In a way, it revolutionized themes
and techniques in paintings. In addition, this movement also
expanded and widened existing notions of what can be
considered as art.
Burial At Ornans (also known as A Funeral At Ornans) is a painting of
1849–50 by Gustave Courbet, and one of the major turning points of
19th-century French art.
IMPRESSIONIS
19th Century
M
The impressionism movement started in France, which led to
a break from the tradition in European painting.
Impressionism is a style of painting that emerged in the mid
to late 1800s.
Impressionist artists incorporated scientific principles to
achieve a more distinct representation of color. The
distinctive characteristic of this style is that it allows the
artist to emphasize the immediate impression he has of a
particular event or scene.
The said impression is communicated by the artist through
his work and can be seen through the brushstrokes,
distinction of colors, and the lights and shadows used by the
artist.
Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), 1872,
oil on canvas, Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris.
POST-
1886-1905
IMPRESSIONISM
Post-impressionism is an art movement that emerged in
France which is a result of both the influence and rejection of
Impressionism. Most artists that belong to this movement
started off as impressionists but later on saw the inherent
limitations and flaws of impressionism.
This eventually led to the development of individual style
that gave emphasis to defining from with the use of broken
colors and short brush stroke.
 Some of the famous post-impressionism artists include:
• Paul Cezanne
• Georges Seurat
• Paul Gauguin
• Vincent van Gogh, among others

Paul Cezanne Georges Seurat Paul Gauguin Vincent van Gogh

NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
1880s
As an art movement, neo-impressionism is considered as a
response to empirical realism of impressionism. Most
painters who subscribe to such movement rely on a
systematic and scientific techniques that have a
predetermined visual effects not only on the art work itself
but also how the audience perceive the art.
The leading figure in neo-
impressionism was Georges Seurat
who recorded optical sensations on
a more scientific manner. His color
theories paved the way for the
technique called pointillism.
This art technique basically utilizes discrete dots and dashes
of pure color. These elements are believed to blend with the
viewer’s perspective.
Aside from Seurat, other neo-impressionist artists include:
• Henri-Edmond Cross,
• Maximilien Luce,
• Camille Pissarro, and among others.
Henri-Edmond Cross, Les cyprès à Cagnes, 1908, oil on canvas, Musée d'Orsay, Paris
ART NOUVEAU
1890 and 1910
Between 1890 and 1910, countries from Europe and the
United States witnessed the emergence and flourishing of a
new art style. This ornamental style of art was a break from
the conservative historicism, which was the prevailing and
dominant theme of most Western artworks.
This ornamental style uses long and organic lines that are
concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry and glass
design, among others.
In most works, the defining characteristic of Art Nouveau is
the asymmetrical line that usually is in the form of insect
wings or flower stalks. The line is done un such a graceful
and elegant manner that somehow evokes a certain power to
it.
Zodiaque (Zodiac), (detail), 1896, color lithograph on
paper mounted on linen.
FAUVISM
1905 to about 1910
This is a style of painting that emerged in France around the
turn of the twentieth century. What make fauvists
revolutionary is that they used pure and vibrant colors by
applying straight from the paint tubes directly to the canvas.
The fauves, just like the impressionists, painted directly from
nature. The difference lies with how the fauves have this
strong and expressive reaction to how they portray their
subjects.
Henri Matisse. Woman with a Hat, 1905. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
CUBIS
1908-1914

M
Between 1907 and 1914, French artists Pablo Picasso and
Georges Braque introduced a new visual arts style called
cubism. This style would later on have a huge influence on
artists during the twentieth century.
Cubists highlighted the two-dimensional surface of the
picture plane. Focusing on a flat surface was a rejection of
the dominant techniques like the use of:
• Perspective
• Foreshortening
• modeling
Cubists emphasized that they are not in any way obliged to
copy texture, form, color, and space. They presented a new
depiction of reality that may appear fragmented objects for
viewers.
FUTURISM
Early 20th Century
It is an early twentieth century art movement that started in
Italy, which highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and
power of machines.
In addition, common themes for works in this movement are
restlessness and the fast-pace of modern life. Later on, the
movement’s influence branched out not only in Europe but
also in Russia.
The greatest impact of futurism is
evident in poetry and visual arts.
Italian poet and editor Flippon
Tommaso Marinetti coined the
term “futurism” to reflect his
purpose of disregarding the
traditional methods of the art in
the past.
He believes that art should embrace and embody change,
innovation, creativity, and originality.
TAKE-HOME TASK #1

Create a group of four. Make a creative timeline of the

historical emergence of art in Europe. Include the art
movements, period and highlights. Put your output in a one
whole cartolina.

Content – 15
Creativity – 10
Organization – 5
TAKE-HOME TASK #2

Bring the following next meeting:

• long bondpaper
• crayons (esp. primary and secondary colors)
• one set of art/colored paper
• scissor
• paste