DESIGNED BY : MUHAMMAD BUX KATBAR 08/25/23

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 On August 28, 1980, Microsoft signed an
agreement with IBM to develop software for
the PC. Gates was aware of an operating
system called QDOS, which had been
developed by a fellow Seattle resident
named Tim Paterson. Microsoft bought QDOS
for $50,000.

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 The role of the operating system in a computing
environment
 The various functions that an operating system
performs
 The main components of an operating system
 Various types of operating systems4

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 An operating system (OS) is a collection of
software that manages  computer
hardware resources and provides
common services for computer programs.
 It is system software.
 Examples: windows xp,98
 Dos(Disk operating system)
 Linux, etc.

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 Organization of a Computer System
 As shown in Figure 1.1, the major high-level components of a
computer system are:
 1. Hardware, which provides basic computing resources (CPU,
memory, I/O devices).
 2. Operating system, which manages the use of the hardware
among the various ways,
 application programs for the various users and provides the user a
relatively
 simple machine to use.
 3. Applications programs that define the ways in which system
resources are used
 to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database
systems, video games, business programs).
 4. Users, which include people, machines, other computers.

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 The 1st program that runs when a typical
computer is turned ON, and the last one to
finish running when the computer is turned
OFF.
 It manages the Hardware and Software
resources of the computer system, often
invisibly.
 These include the processor, memory, disk
drives, etc.

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 A single user ran a single program ran on a single
computer – there was no need for an
 OS
 Then came computer operators who ran multiple
programs for multiple users one after
 the other – still, no need for an OS
 Later computers became powerful, & became able to
run multiple programs,
 Managing the resources of the computers efficiently
 Making use of computers convenient for
users/programmers

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 A set of instructions given to the computer
to solve a particular problem is called
software.
 There are two types of software.
 System software.
 Application software.

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 Application software: Those software which
specially used for user purpose without application
software we can easily operate our computer.
 Example: Ms word, Adobe Photoshop

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 Those software which specially used for
system purpose without system software we
can not easily uses our computer.
 Example: Windows, driver etc.

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1.Device Drivers
2.Utility Programs
3.Language Translator

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 Small program that tells operating
system how to communicate with a
device.

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 System software that performs a
specific task.
 A software that helps the user to solve
the specific problems related to
hardware or software is called utility
program.
 Antivirus
 File viewer
 Disk scanner
 Screen saver

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 Programs that take code written in a High
level language and translate it into a low-
level language that is easily understood
computer .

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 1. Compiler translates the program written in a HLL in
one go. The translated code is
 then used by the up whenever the program needs to be
run
 2. Interpreter translates the HLL program one statement
at time. It reads a single
 statement, translates it into machine language and passes
that machine language code to
 the uP and then translates the next statement, and so on
 Real-Time Operating System
(RTOS)
 Single-User, Single Task
 Single-User, Multi-Tasking
 Multi-User, Multi Tasking
 Real time system: A system that produce
output for a given input within a well defined
time period. else the output is useless.
 A real time system has well defined, fixed
time constraints, and if the system does not
produce output for an input within the time
constraints, the system will fail.
 Often used as a control device in dedicated
applications such as medical imaging system.
Industrial control systems. plane landing
system,
 Used to run computers embedded in
machinery, robots, scientific instruments and
industrial systems
 1. Hard real time system.
 2. Soft real time system.
A hard real time system
 guarantees that critical
tasks be completed on
time. This goal requires
that all delays in the
system be completed on
time.
 softreal time system,
where a critical real-time
task gets priority over other
tasks, and retains that
priority until it completes.
 OS’ designed to manage the computer so that
one user can effectively do one thing at a
time
 Example: Dos(disk operating system)
 Most popular OS
 Used by most all PC’s and Laptops
 Examples: Windows, Mac OS,
 Lets a single user interact with several
programs, simultaneously
 A multi-user OS allows many users to take advantage of
the computer's resources,
 The OS must make sure that the requirements of the
various users are balanced, and that
 the programs they are using each have sufficient and
separate resources so that a
 problem with one user doesn't affect any of the other
users
 Examples: Linux, Unix,and mainframe OS’ such as MVS
 The personal computer operating system are
also called stand alone operating system or
single user operating system.
 These operating systems are used operate
personal computer.
 Example: 1.DOS .2 Mac Os 3. Windows
 It is a single operating system.
 It is command line interface operating system.
 It was developed by Microsoft for IBM (internal
Business Machines) in 1981.
 It was the most popular operating system in
microcomputers before windows
 Mac (Macintosh Operating System) is
developed by Apple corporation in 1984 for
Macintosh computers
 This operating system provides the GUL
(graphical user interface)
 It was one of the first operating system
that introduced the GUI.
 Windows is a popular operating system used in personal
computers.
 It is developed by Microsoft corporation of USA.
It is a GUI O.S.
 It is friendly O.S
 It is very easy to learn & to operate.
 It provides commands and application programs in the
form of small pictures called icons.
 Windows has different versions such as
windows 95,windows 98 and windows
2000 and windows 2003 server etc.
 Windows XP (Experience)
 Network. Two or more than two devices or
computer connected to each other is called
network.
 Multiple computers that are connected
together to share information and other
resources.
 Advantages of Computer Network.
 According to the network access policy.

Private
Public
Organizations having many computers usually
connect them in the form of private
networks
 All networks that are not private, are …
public
 • Example: Internet
 Server: Provide the services.
 Client: Receive services.
 It is the way by which we make connections
 Types of Medium.
 Twisted pair:CAT3,CAT5,CAT5e,CAT6 etc.
 All categories can travel up to 100m
 Before suffering from attenuation.
 Its uses RJ-45 connector.
 The in which computers or devices are
connected to each other.
 Their are different types of topology some
are listed below.
 Bus Topology.
 Star Topology.
 Ring Topology.
 Hybrid Topology.
 Bus a high speed cable.
 All computers are connected in a
straight line.
 If one computer can transmit data its
receives all the connected computers.
 For unnecessary signal terminator is
used.
 A single cut in the cable would take
down the entire network.
 All computer are connected to a central
device.
 If any wire break or any computer gets
down it didn’t effect the whole network.
 If central device fail then one can
communicate to others.
 In the ring topology all of the computer are
connected in circular fashion.
 If a computer want to communicate with
other computer this device generate a token
to it.
 In this topology communicate was done in
form of making ring.
 A break in the cable would take down the
entire network.
 Combination of two different
topology is called hybrid topology.
 Ex: Bus & Star.
 www.vu.edu.pk
 203.215.177.33
 Internet protocol Address:
 Ip address is known as Logical address.
 A unique identifier
 Used to connect to another computer.
 Allows transfer of files and e-mail.
 DNS is the way that Internet domain names are
located & translated into IP addresses
 Maintaining a single, central table of domain
name/IP address relationships is
 impractical
 IP addresses are fine for computers, but
difficult to recognize and remember for
humans
 A domain name is a meaningful, easy-to-
remember ‘label’ for an IP address
 Examples:
 www.vu.edu.pk
 216.239.33.101
 www.google.com
 It is a one to one communication.
 It is a computer to computer
communication
 Ex:A message send by a computer will
send to a particular computer or device in
the network.
 It is a one to group communication.
 It is a computer to group of computer
communication.
 Ex( A massage send by a computer will be send
to the particular group of computers or devices
in the network.
 It is a one to all communication.
 It is a computer to all computer communication
 E.g ( A massage send by a computer will be
send to all the computers or devices in the
network whether they need it or not)
 LAN Local Area Network)
 MAN Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN Wide Area Network)
 This is a small network which is in a single building
or for single office.
 This size of LAN is limited to a few kilometers
(typically it is 1 km).
 A network spread between multiple buildings within a single
metropolitan area.

 A network spread over a wide area.
 Atypically covering a multiple cities and
countries.
 A network operating system is an operating
system that supports the network.
 A network operating system typically resides on
server and controls the devices or computers
connected to the network.
 Examples:
 Windows NT(New technology) server
 Unix
 etc
 Windows NT server is developed by  Microsoft,
the first version of which was released in July
1993. for Client/server network.
 The server in the network uses this operating
system.
 The client computer uses windows NT personal
computer.
 Windows 2000 server is an up grated form of
windows NT server
(Windows NT stands for New Technology)
 It is also used in networking.
 There are four Windows 2000 operating systems
1. Windows 2000 Professional.
2. Windows 2000 Advanced server.
3. Windows 2000 server.
4. Windows 2000 data center server.
 used Primarily (Usually) use for desktop pcs. It only
supports up to 10 concurrent( Group) network
connections.
 up to two Microprocessors and up to 4GB of RAM.
 Windows 2000 Server: is used primarily for web,
application, print and file servers.
(File server ) a device which controls access to separately
stored files, as part of a multi-user system.
 up to 4 GB of RAM, Up to 4 Microprocessor.
 Windows 2000 Advanced Server operating system
contains all of the features and functionality of
the standard version of Windows 2000 Server,
plus additional features for organizations that
require higher levels of scalability, reliability,
and availability.
 Windows 2000 Advanced Server is used in an enterprise
network and very useful as an SQL (Structured Query
Language ) server.
 Up to 8 GB of RAM, Up to 8 Microprocessors:
 Used for database services.
 Provides the capacities of windows 2000 advanced
server plus more scalability.
 It supports clustering for up to four nodes.
 Datacenter supports up to 32 processors.
 Datacenter supports up to 64 GB Ram.