Week 4:

Elementary
Logic
Logical Connectives
Conditional Statements

Armando U. Miranda Jr., MATM 111 Instructor

 Elementary Logic
It serves as a set of rules that govern the
structure and presentation of mathematical
proofs. It allows us to determine the validity
of arguments in and out of mathematics.
 Proposition
It is a statement that is, by itself, either
true or false but not both. They can be
expressed in symbols P, Q, R, or p, q, r.
Types of Proposition:
1. Simple – means a single idea statement
2. Compound – conveys two or more ideas.
Examples: Determine whether true or false.
a.) 1 is a prime number. F b.) (3)(4) = 12 T
c.) Given that x and y are d.) Not a
odd numbers, x – y is odd. F proposition
 ive
Logical s
Statements Connectives Symbolic Forms Type of Statements
Not P Not ~P Negation

P and Q And P^Q Conjunction

P or Q Or P∨Q Disjunction

If P, then Q If…, then… P⇒Q Conditional

P if and only if Q If and only if P⇔Q Biconditional

Examples: Write the required statement given the indicated connectives.
P: An even number is divisible by 2.
Q: 12 is an even number.
R: 12 is divisible by 2.
1.) P ⇒ ~ R Answer: If an even number is divisible by 2, then 12
is not divisible by 2.
2.) Q ^ P Answer: 12 is an even number and an even number
is divisible by 2.
3.) R ⇔ (P Q) Answer: 12 is divisible by 2 if and only if an even
number is divisible by 2 or 12 is an even number.
Determine the negation of the following statements:
1. I will go to the party.
Ans.
2. The new club president is not an economist.
Ans.
Give the compound statements in symbolic form. Use the statements:
p : Today is Friday.
q : There is heavy traffic.
r : I am not going home to the province
s : I will visit a friend.
Give the compound statements in symbolic form. Use the statements:
p : Today is Friday.
q : There is heavy traffic.
r : I am not going home to the province
s : I will visit a friend.
4. Today is Friday and I will visit a friend.
Ans.
5. If there is heavy traffic, then I am not going home to the province.
Ans.
Give the compound statements in symbolic form. Use the statements:
p : Today is Friday.
q : There is heavy traffic.
r : I am not going home to the province.
s : I will visit a friend.
6. I will go to the province or I will visit a friend.
Ans.
7. Today is Friday and there is heavy traffic.
Ans.
Write the symbolic statements in words. Use the following statements:
• p : Climate change affects the world’s weather.
• q : There is an accelerated sea level rise.
• r : Global temperatures will not be smooth over time.
• s : There are more intense heat waves.
8. q v s
Ans.
9. ~ r
Ans.
sq
10.
Ans.
Write the symbolic statements in words. Use the following statements:
• p : Climate change affects the world’s weather.
• q : There is an accelerated sea level rise.
• r : Global temperatures will not be smooth over time.
• s : There are more intense heat waves.
pq
11
Ans.
~ p ~ r
12.
• Ans.
p  ( r s )
13.
Ans.
Conditional Statements
Conditional Statements - are statements which are in
the form “If P, then Q.” P is the hypothesis while Q is the
conclusion. The following are the transformations of
conditionals:

Converse of conditional From P⇒Q to Q ⇒P

Inverse of conditional From P⇒Q to ~P ⇒~Q
Contrapositive of conditional From P⇒Q to ~Q ⇒~P
Conditional Statements
Example: Write the converse, inverse, contrapositive, and
biconditional of the given conditional.

Conditional: If , then . (P ⇒ Q)
Converse: If , then . (Q ⇒ P)

Inverse: If , then . (~P ⇒ ~Q)

Contrapositive: If , then . (~Q ⇒ ~P)

Biconditional: if and only if . (P Q)

 Problem Solving
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Polya’s 4-Steps in Problem Solving
Sir George Polya
 Problem Solving
A Problem is a statement requiring a solution, usually by means of mathematical
operation/geometric construction.
It is a situation that confronts the learner, that requires resolution, and for which the
path to the answer is not immediately known.

The word method means the ways or Problem solving is a process – an

techniques used to get answer which ongoing activity in which we take what
will usually involve one or more we know to discover what we don’t
problem solving strategies. know.

A Drill/Exercise is a situation that requires resolution but the method is clear and
the way to the answer is easily seen.
 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Example 1: What is the next number in the sequence 1, 5, 9,
13, 17, . . . ?
Inductive Resoning
- Is the process of reaching a Answer: The 3 dots imply that the numbers in the series
general conclusion by increases indefinitely. Moreover, it is increasing by 4 beginning
examining specific examples. with 1. Thus, by applying inductive reasoning the next number
in the series is 21.

Example 2: Using the calendar, find the next number in the series: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, . . .

Answer: By using the same reasoning, one might

conclude that the answer is 38. As we all know,
there is no 38 in the calendar. As mentioned,
conjecture may or may not be true.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Example 1: “Today is Monday. Tomorrow is Tuesday.”
Deductive Resoning
- Is the process of reaching a Answer: There is only one premise and that is, “Today is
conclusion by applying Monday.” The other statement, “Tomorrow is Tuesday.” is
general; assumptions, called the conclusion. Since the conclusion comes from the
procedures, or principles. general facts that apply to this case, deductive reasoning is
used.

Example 2:
Answer: The example is reasoning which makes
All Filipinos are hospitable.
use of syllogism. The first two statements are
Juan is a Filipino.
premises while the third is the conclusion.
Therefore, Juan is hospitable.
 Sir George Polya
(December 13, 1887 – September 7, 1985)
He was regarded as the father of the modern emphasis in math education on
problem solving.
A leading research mathematician of his time, Dr. Polya made
seminal contributions to probability, combinatorial theory and conflict
analysis. 
His work on random walk and his famous enumeration theorem have been
widely applied.
Polya’s 4-Steps in Problem Solving
STEP 1 - Preparation: Understand the problem.
STEP 2 -Thinking Time: Devise a plan.
Learn the
necessary STEP 3 - Insight: carry out the plan.
underlying You must start STEP 4 - Verification: Look
back and review your
mathematical somewhere so Work out an solution.
concepts. try something. idea or a new
Consider the How are you approach
Check to see
terminology and
notation used in going to attack carefully and if your
the problem. the problem? see if it leads potential
to a solution. solution
works.
EXAMPLE 1: The sum of two numbers is 56. The larger number is eight
more than the smaller number. What are the numbers?

STEP 1: STEP 2: STEP 3: STEP 4:

Understand Device Carry out Look
the problem. a plan. the plan. backward.
There is a need Let x + x + 8 = 56 Subsitute the value
to determine two of x to the equation
numbers that when x be the smaller 2x = 48 and verify if it will
added will be equal number x = 24 make the equation
to 56 and that the x + 8 be the true.
larger of the two x + 8 = 32
larger number. 24 + 24 + 8 = 56
numbers is 8 more *Therefore, the
than the smaller smaller number is 24 56 = 56
one. while the larger is 32.
 Problem Solving and Reasoning
A baseball team won two out of their last four games, in how many different
orders could they have two wins and two losses in four games.

Example 2:
Do you have any
questions?
Don’t forget to do
your performance
task.
Check it in your
CANVAS.