WELCOME TO

CE131P-2
STRUCTURAL
A N A LY S I S F O R C I V I L
ENGINEERS

ENGR. ANTHONY
JEROME BELLA
 MODULE 1 LESSON 1 –
INTRODUCTION TO
OBJECTIVES STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
| UNDERSTAND Concept of Loads

The Concepts of Load

| DISCUSS Combinations

Equilibrium and Support

| DETERMINE Reactions
MODULE 1 LESSON 1 – Structural
Theory

Figure 1. The Built-Environment

 MODULE 1 LESSON 1 – Structural
Theory

Building Structural Structural Structural

Design Analysis Design Construction

-Lot Segregation/ -Framing Plan -RCD Design -Top-Down

Topographical Plan -Load Estimation -Steel Design -Bottom-up
-Architectural Plan -Building Behavior -Foundation Design
Analysis

Figure 2. Structural Design Process

THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS – are individual components of a
building or structural system that when combined together forms the
structural frame/skeleton. These elements form an assemblage of system by
which loads will be applied, resisted, transferred known as the structural
system.
THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS – are individual components of a
building or structural system that when combined together forms the
structural frame/skeleton. These elements form an assemblage of system by
which loads will be applied, resisted, transferred known as the structural
system.

Figure 2. Structural Design Process

THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS – are individual components of a
building or structural system that when combined together forms the
structural frame/skeleton. These elements form an assemblage of system by
which loads will be applied, resisted, transferred known as the structural
system.

Figure 2. Structural Design Process

Structural System – combination of structural elements that are designed to
behave as a single structure capable of carrying the loads or weight that it will
experience.
Structural System – combination of structural elements that are designed to
behave as a single structure capable of carrying the loads or weight that it will
experience.

VIDEO LINK: Construction of the Golden Gate

Bridge https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=E6tp8DCAJ-0
Structural System – combination of structural elements that are designed to
behave as a single structure capable of carrying the loads or weight that it will
experience.
Structural System – combination of structural elements that are designed to
behave as a single structure capable of carrying the loads or weight that it will
experience.
LOAD PATH – a system of load distribution wherein external loads create
internal stress on the members and transfer them to each of the supporting
elements until it reaches the ground.
LOADS – are forces including the weight of the building and all other future
weight that the building is expected to experience during its lifespan. Loads are
used to determine the degree of stress that the structural system will experience
and therefore necessary in determining the required sizes and sections of each of
its structural element.
LOADS – external MATERIAL
forces PROPERTIES

Loads have indefinite values or Materials have limited

intensities. capacities.

Why do we
analyze
structures?

Materials degrade over certain

Loads happen instantaneously period of time.
LOADS – are forces including the weight of the building and all other future
weight that the building is expected to experience during its lifespan. Loads are
used to determine the degree of stress that the structural system will experience
and therefore necessary in determining the required sizes and sections of each of
its structural element.
Loads are primarily estimated by code provisions:

1. General Building Codes – Provide a detailed process of load estimation, load

combinations and loading criteria
2. Design Codes – Provide a detailed provision for calculation of required
strength, stiffness and detailing for materials used as a structural element.
DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS – Exercise Problem 1
LIVE LOADS
LIVE LOADS REDUCTION
Code-prescribed reduction in the minimum live load based on the probability that
full live load effect will happen at the same time.
Allowed only for Structures with influence area (KLL*AT = 400ft2 or 37.2sqm)
LIVE LOADS REDUCTION
Code-prescribed reduction in the minimum live load based on the probability that
full live load effect will happen at the same time.
Allowed only for Structures with influence area (KLL*AT = 400ft2 or 37.2sqm)
HIGH-WAY BRIDGE LOADS
HIGH-WAY BRIDGE LOADS
IMPACT LOADS
WIND LOADS

VIDEO LINK: Wind Loads on Buildings

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=RiXDpa8zLyk
TWO METHODS OF APPROXIMATING WIND LOADS:
1. Static Approach – wind velocity is converted to a mean velocity pressure
applied to the building
2. Dynamic Approach – considers the buildings “response” to the movement of
the wind
WIND LOADS – STATIC APPROACH
WIND LOADS – STATIC APPROACH
WIND LOADS – STATIC APPROACH
WIND LOADS – STATIC APPROACH

Wind speed in Chicago is

105mi/h
DESIGN WIND PRESSURE FOR SIGNS
EARTHQUAKE LOADS

VIDEO PRESENTATION: WHY DO BUILDINGS FAIL IN

EARTHQUAKE?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFlIbujTuIY
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN – proportioning of size of structural elements such
that its material strength/capacity is greater than its load demand. There are two
major structural design procedures developed for buildings:

ASD – Allowable Strength Design

LRFD – Load Factor Resistance Design
STRUCTURAL DESIGN – proportioning of size of structural elements such
that its material strength/capacity is greater than its load demand. There are two
major structural design procedures developed for buildings:

ASD – Allowable Strength Design

LRFD – Load Factor Resistance Design
Take Home Exercises -
Take Home Exercises -
EQUILIBRIUM AND SUPPORT REACTIONS

Equilibrium – is a state of balance of all external and internal forces acting on a

free-body diagram. Equilibrium happens when Forces and Moments that tend to
move, rotate or accelerate a system all equate to ZERO.

If a free body diagram is applied with an external force, a “CONSTRAINT”

must be introduced to the system in order to resist the external force and
provide it with equilibrium.

BEAM WILL NOT FALL BEAM WILL NOT

BEAM WILL NOT BE BUT WILL EXPERIENCE ROTATE AND IS NOW IN
ABLE TO SUPPORT ROTATION ABOUT ITS A STATE OF
ITSELF AND WILL FALL FULCRUM POINT EQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM AND SUPPORT REACTIONS

In order to have a state of EQUILIBRIUM, SUPPORT REACTIONS ARE

INTRODUCED to a free body diagram.

These reactions counter the external forces by developing an external

reaction
EQUILIBRIUM AND SUPPORT REACTIONS
CREATION of IDEALIZED STRUCTURES
Real life structures are complex, and their analysis involve a lot of complicated
connections and details that may be very hard to analyse using static equations.

It is common practice that structure be converted first to an IDEAL

STRUCTURE where equations of equilibrium can be applied. That is, each
structural element is represented by a single member and their connections are
represented by the CONNECTION types discussed previously.
CREATION of IDEALIZED STRUCTURES
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM - the general equation of equilibrium states
that all forces must equate to Zero in all possible direction of the system and all
moments(forces that tend to rotate) must be equal to zero
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM - the general equation of equilibrium states
that all forces must equate to Zero in all possible direction of the system and all
moments(forces that tend to rotate) must be equal to zero
IMPROPER CONSTRAINT – when a structure is determinate, there are
instances that it can still be unstable because of improper constraining of its
support reactions.

1. CONCURRENT SUPPORTS – reactions merge at a concurrent point

2. PARALLEL SUPPORTS – reactions are all parallel
IMPROPER CONSTRAINT – when a structure is determinate, there are
instances that it can still be unstable because of improper constraining of its
support reactions.

1. CONCURRENT SUPPORTS – reactions merge at a concurrent point

2. PARALLEL SUPPORTS – reactions are all parallel
SOLVING EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
1. Check for its determinacy
2. Check for stability
3. Choose a point where Summation of Moment can be done and one or
two of the unknown reactions can be solved. (For every FBD, one
summation of Moment only can be established)
4. Solve for X and Y Forces using Summation of Forces along X and Along
Y.
PROBLEM SOLVING:
PROBLEM SOLVING:
PROBLEM SOLVING:
MODULE 1 LESSON 2 – TRUSSES (planar and spatial)
MODULE 1 LESSON 2 – TRUSSES (planar and spatial)

Different types of trusses

based on configuration
TRUSS BEHAVIORS
DETERMINACY OF TRUSSES

If b + r -2j > 0 (STABLE, STATICALLY

INDETERMINATE)
If b + r -2j = 0 (STABLE, STATICALLY DETERMINATE)
If b + r -2j < 0 (UNSTABLE, TRUSS WILL COLLAPSE)
DETERMINACY SAMPLES
SOLVING TRUSS PROBLEMS
Method of Joints

1. Method of joints involve selecting a particular joint to be solved.

The maximum unknown forces should be 2 or less since only 2 equations can be
established in a joint. (Fx = 0 and Fy = 0)

SOLVING TRUSS PROBLEMS

Method of Sections

1. Method of sections involve cutting the truss along section line, exposing the
axial loads on the truss sections that are cut, and performing three static
equations (Fx, Fy, M = 0)
SOLVING TRUSS PROBLEMS
Method of Joints

1. Method of joints involve selecting a particular joint to be solved.

The maximum unknown forces should be 2 or less since only 2 equations can be
established in a joint. (Fx = 0 and Fy = 0)
SOLVING TRUSS PROBLEMS
Method of Sections