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    Operating Systems

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    The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their goals, definitions, types, and popular examples. It discusses what operating systems do, including managing resources, coordinating processing, and interfacing with hardware and users. Key points covered include the differences between single-user and multi-user systems, DOS file structure and commands, Windows operating systems from 95 to XP, and Linux.

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    Operating Systems

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    The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their goals, definitions, types, and popular examples. It discusses what operating systems do, including managing resources, coordinating processing, and interfacing with hardware and users. Key points covered include the differences between single-user and multi-user systems, DOS file structure and commands, Windows operating systems from 95 to XP, and Linux.

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    Author_ Khalid Nazim S A

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    The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their goals, definitions, types, and popular examples. It discusses what operating systems do, including managing resources, coordinating processing, and interfacing with hardware and users. Key points covered include the differences between single-user and multi-user systems, DOS file structure and commands, Windows operating systems from 95 to XP, and Linux.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    954 views39 pages

    Operating Systems

    Uploaded by

    api-3723664
    The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their goals, definitions, types, and popular examples. It discusses what operating systems do, including managing resources, coordinating processing, and interfacing with hardware and users. Key points covered include the differences between single-user and multi-user systems, DOS file structure and commands, Windows operating systems from 95 to XP, and Linux.

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    of 39

    Unit 3

    Processing Data
    Operating System
    What is an Operating System?

    Operating system goals:


    A program that acts as an intermediary between a
    user of a computer and the computer hardware.
    Execute user programs and make solving user
    problems easier.
    Make the computer system convenient to use.
    Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
    Operating System Definition

    OS is a resource allocator
    Manages all resources
    Decides between conflicting requests for
    efficient and fair resource use
    OS is a control program
    Controls execution of programs to prevent
    errors and improper use of the computer
    System Resources
    System
    Resources

    Hardware
    Software
    Components

    System Application
    Software Software
    Operating Systems Types –
    Basic Terminology

    Multi-user – Two or more users running programs and sharing


    peripheral devices, such as a printer, at the same time.

    Multi-tasking – A computer's capability to run multiple


    applications at the same time.

    Multi-processing – Allows a computer to have two or more CPUs


    (Central Processing Unit) that programs share.

    Multi-threading – The capability of a program to be broken into


    smaller parts that can be loaded as needed by the OS. Multi-
    threading allows individual programs to be multi-tasked.

    Today, almost all operating systems are multi-user, multi-tasking,


    and support multi-threading.
    Different Types of Operating Systems

    Single-user, single-process operating systems:


    Allow only one user at a time to use the computer
    system.
    The user can execute/run only one process at a time.
    Examples: DOS, Windows 3.1
    Single-user, multi-process operating systems:
    Allow a single user to use the computer system.
    However, the user can run multiple processes at the same
    time.
    Example: OS/2
    Different Types of Operating Systems
    Multi-user, multi-process operating systems: allow
    multiple users to use the computer system
    simultaneously. Each user can run multiple processes
    at the same time.
    Examples: UNIX, Windows XP
    What the Operating System Does

    The operating system controls:


    Communication with peripherals
    Coordination of concurrent processing
    Memory management
    Monitoring of resources and security
    Management of programs and data
    Coordinating network communications
    Popular Operating Systems
    Microsoft Windows 95, 98, ME –

    Windows is one of the most popular operating systems today.


    Windows is designed to run on PCs and to use an Intel-compatible
    CPU.

    Windows 9x systems are designed to be run and maintained by a


    single user.

    Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP –Windows NT, 2000 and XP are


    operating systems that were designed to support multiple
    (concurrent) users and to run applications simultaneously.

    Both Windows NT and Windows 2000/XP have incorporated many


    networking features.
    Disk Operating Systems
    Microsoft developed the Disk Operating System (DOS), also
    called MS-DOS, in 1981.

    DOS was designed then, for the IBM Personal Computer.

    Windows 98 and Windows 2000 both support DOS


    commands in order to address compatibility issues related
    with older applications.

    Simply put, DOS is a collection of programs and commands


    used to control the overall computer operation in a disk-based
    system.
    Basic Elements of DOS

    The following are some of the basic things to remember when


    working with DOS.

    DOS is a command line operating system; it is not user-


    friendly. The best way to learn DOS is to use it.

    DOS can only run one program at a time. It is not


    multitasking.

    DOS can only run small programs and has memory


    limitations.

    DOS is an essential tool for IT professionals and is used


    extensively for troubleshooting.
    DOS File Structure

    Programs and data are stored the same way a document


    would be filed in a folder in a file cabinet.

    In DOS, they are called files and are grouped together in


    directories.

    Directories are much like the folders in the file cabinet.

    Directories can be nested inside other directories, just like a


    folder placed inside another folder. Nested directories are
    referred to as subdirectories.

    Directories became known as folders in the Windows OS.


    DOS Files
    A file is simply a block of logically related data, given a single
    name, and treated as a single unit, such as programs,
    documents, drawings and other illustrations, sound files, and
    so on. Files are referred to by filenames.

    In DOS, filenames can be up to 8 characters with an


    extension of 3 characters. (8 + 3)

    The extension is separated from the main portion of the


    filename by a period and it identifies what type of file it is.

    Example: nazim. txt


    DOS Directory Structure
    Hard drives organize the disk into directories and
    subdirectories.

    The main directory is known as the root directory.

    All other directories, if they exist, then radiate (branch out)


    from the root directory, similar to the branches of a tree.

    Locating any given file requires knowledge of three things: the


    drive, directory and subdirectory in which the file is found.
    DOS Directory Structure

    In MS-DOS, the format for specifying the path to a file is as


    follows:

    C:\directory name\subdirectory name\filename

    The first back slash indicates the root directory, which is


    present on all DOS disks

    The back slash (\) after each item signifies the presence of
    a directory or subdirectory
    Basic DOS Commands

    In DOS, the main user interface is the command line.

    The command line is the space immediately following the


    DOS prompt, C:\> where C:\ represents the hard disk drive
    root directory, and '>' is known as the prompt.

    All the DOS commands are typed to the right of the prompt
    and executed by pressing the return (ENTER) key on the
    keyboard.
    Basic DOS Commands
    AUTOEXEC.BAT

    This file contains a batch of DOS commands that will


    automatically be carried out when DOS is loaded into the
    system.

    Examples of commands normally located in the Autoexec.bat


    file include:

    DATE – Causes DOS to prompt user for the date

    TIME – Causes DOS to prompt the user for the date and
    time

    DOSKEY – loads the DOSKEY


    The User Interface:
    The Human-Machine Connection

    The user interface is what the user sees on the screen


    and interacts with
    Two major user interface types:
    Character-based interface
    Graphical user interface
    A Character-Based User Interface
    MS-DOS or Unix

    The user interacts with characters…


    Letter
    Numbers
    Symbols
    Controls: ^C
    Graphical User Interface (GUI)

    User interacts with GUI using…


    Windows
    Menus
    Toolbars
    Mouse
    Keyboard shortcuts
    Computer System Structure

    Computer system can be divided into four components


    Hardware – provides basic computing resources
    CPU, memory, I/O devices
    Operating system
    Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
    various applications and users
    Application programs – define the ways in which the
    system resources are used to solve the computing
    problems of the users
    Word processors, compilers, web browsers,
    database systems, video games
    Users
    People, machines, other computers
    Four Components of a Computer
    System
    Computer Startup

    bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot


    Typically stored in ROM or EPROM,
    generally known as firmware
    Initializates all aspects of system
    Loads operating system kernel and
    starts execution
    Computer System Organization
    Computer-system operation
    One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
    bus providing access to shared memory
    Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
    memory cycles
    Computer-System Operation

    I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently.


    Each device controller is in charge of a particular device
    type.
    Each device controller has a local buffer.
    CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local
    buffers
    I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller.
    Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its
    operation by causing an interrupt.
    Windows NT
    Introduced in 1993
    Windows NT Workstation still used in
    architectural firms, audio and video
    production studios and graphics studios
    Microsoft stopped supporting Windows
    NT in 2001
    Windows 9X

    Released in 1995, Windows 95 was the


    first member of the Windows 9x family
    Windows 98 considered to be an upgrade
    of Windows 95
    Released in 2000, Windows ME was the
    last member of the Windows 9x family, still
    widely used, but considered by experts to
    be obsolete
    Windows XP
    Released in 2001
    Key goals for the system:
    portability
    security
    multiprocessor support
    extensibility
    compatibility with MS-DOS and MS-Windows applications.
    Uses a micro-kernel architecture
    Available in four versions:
    Professional
    Server
    Advanced Server
    National Server
    Depiction of XP Architecture
    Windows 2000

    Released in 2000
    Combined the features of
    Windows 98 and Windows NT
    Windows 2000
    32-bit preemptive multitasking operating system for Intel
    microprocessors.
    Key goals for the system:
    portability
    security
    POSIX compliance
    multiprocessor support
    extensibility
    international support
    compatibility with MS-DOS and MS-Windows
    applications.
    Uses a micro-kernel architecture.
    Available in four versions, Professional, Server, Advanced
    Server, National Server.
    LINUX

    Released in late 1990s


    New version of UNIX
    Distributed for free
    History
    Linux is a modern, free operating system based on
    UNIX standards
    First developed as a small but self-contained kernel in
    1991 by Linus Torvalds, with the major design goal of
    UNIX compatibility
    It has been designed to run efficiently and reliably on
    common PC hardware, but also runs on a variety of
    other platforms
    Components of a Linux System
    The Linux System
    Linux uses many tools developed as part of Berkeley’s
    BSD operating system, MIT’s X Window System, and
    the Free Software Foundation's GNU project
    The min system libraries were started by the GNU
    project, with improvements provided by the Linux
    community
    Linux networking-administration tools were derived from
    4.3BSD code; recent BSD derivatives such as Free BSD
    have borrowed code from Linux in return
    The Linux system is maintained by a loose network of
    developers collaborating over the Internet, with a small
    number of public ftp sites acting as de facto standard
    repositories
    Linux Distributions

    Standard, precompiled sets of packages, or


    distributions, include the basic Linux system, system
    installation and management utilities, and ready-to-
    install packages of common UNIX tools
    Design Principles
    Linux is a multiuser, multitasking system with a full
    set of UNIX-compatible tools
    Its file system adheres to traditional UNIX
    semantics, and it fully implements the standard
    UNIX networking model
    Main design goals are speed, efficiency, and
    standardization

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