Introduction: Ice Breaker

Introduction: Ice Breaker
1. What is your job title and organization?

2. What are you really good at?
3. What is your biggest personal accomplishment thus
far?
4. What is your primary expectation for this class?
5. What is your guilty pleasure (i.e., something that
makes you please although you may feel guilty about
it)?
S556 SYSTEMS
ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Week 1
Exploring Requirements (Gause & Weinberg, 1989)
 5 teams were given the same requirement for a

computer program except for a single
sentence:
 Team A: complete the job with the fewest possible hours of

programming
 Team B: minimize the number of program statements
written
 Team C: minimize the amount of memory used
 Team D: produce the clearest possible program
 Team E: to produce the clearest possible output
Exploring Requirements (Gause &
Weinberg, 1989)
Primary Objective Best Team
Minimize core storage C
Maximize output E
readability
Maximize program D
readability
Minimize statements B, C
Minimize programming A
hours
Exploring Requirements (Gause & Weinberg,
1989)
 If you tell what you want, you’re quite likely

to get it
 Simple, but difficult task!

Boehm’s Observations on Project Cost
Cost
High cost
1000
Low cost
50
Analysis Design Development Implementation

Primary Concepts in SA&D
 Understand organizational issues
 Understand the users
 Understand the problems

Understand Organizational Issues
 Do not jump into the development stage when

asked to build an information system
 e.g., Social Networking Site
 Analyze organizational issues
 e.g., culture, organizational structures
Understand the Users
 Contextual design: gathering data, data-driven
design, the management team, and
organizational context
Understand the Problems
 Once an information system would be a
solution, analyze what kind of system they
would need
 Define the problems in organizations
(assignment #1)
 Avoid ambiguity in stating requirements
Understand Design Representations (Saddler, 2001)
 A “design” lives only in our heads and in our

representations until it’s became in its final
form, such as software, hardware, print, or
another medium
 If you have an idea about a design of a next

new smartphone, what’s the appropriate form
of representation for that idea?
 Representational form:
 Conversations
 Proposals and plans
 Sketches
 Symbolic and schematic
 Scenarios and storyboards
 Prototypes
 Roles that representations play:

 Specification
 Making ideas and intentions tangible
 Making ideas manipulable
 Involving multiple ways of thinking—verbal, visual,
symbolic, & emotional
 Limiting the issues
 Summarizing design decisions
Sequence Model
Exercise on Convergent Design
Getting the Ambiguity Out (Gause & Weinberg,
1989)
 Convergent design = a design process that

consciously and visibly recognizes, defines,
and removes ambiguity as effectively as
possible
Examples of Ambiguity
 Create a means for protecting a small group of
human beings from the hostile elements of
their environment
Convergent Design Exercise (Gause & Weinberg,
1989)
 You need to work independently

 Privately writing your best estimate so as to
make a firm commitment, and capturing your

first impressions, so you won’t forget them
when you hear other opinions
Convergent Design (Gause & Weinberg, 1989)
 Question 1:
 How many points were in the star that was used as
a focus slide for this presentation?
Convergent Design (Gause & Weinberg,
1989)
 The 100 participants provided 18 different answers
75
0-2 5-9 10-12 13-16 17-20 21-24 25-2728-32Over infinite

32
 Question 2:
 What factors do you think are responsible for the
differences among answers?
 Observational & recall errors

 Interpretation errors
 Mixtures of sources of error
 Effects of human interaction

1989)
 The second poll
75
0-2 5-9 10-12 13-16 17-20 21-24 25-27 28-32Over infinite

32
1989)
 The second poll
75
0-2 5-9 10-12 13-16 17-20 21-24 25-27 28-32Over infinite

32
 Question 3:
 Write down, verbatim to the best of your recall
ability, the question that you think you answered in
question 1
 Question 4:
 Write down the variants to the question that you
think the other classmates wrote when they were
asked to recall the question that they thought they
were answering
 From this exercise, what did you learn? And

how is it relevant to systems analysis &
design?
 Each variant statement of this relatively trivial

problem does produce a different way of
looking at the problem, which in turn
produces a different solution.
 Our problem statements must be precise

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Introduction: Ice Breaker

1. What is your job title and organization?

 5 teams were given the same requirement for a

 Team A: complete the job with the fewest possible hours of

Minimize core storage C

 If you tell what you want, you’re quite likely

 Simple, but difficult task!

Analysis Design Development Implementation

 Understand the problems

 Do not jump into the development stage when

 A “design” lives only in our heads and in our

 If you have an idea about a design of a next

 Roles that representations play:

 Convergent design = a design process that

 You need to work independently

make a firm commitment, and capturing your

0-2 5-9 10-12 13-16 17-20 21-24 25-2728-32Over infinite

 Observational & recall errors

 Mixtures of sources of error

 Effects of human interaction

0-2 5-9 10-12 13-16 17-20 21-24 25-27 28-32Over infinite

0-2 5-9 10-12 13-16 17-20 21-24 25-27 28-32Over infinite

 From this exercise, what did you learn? And

 Each variant statement of this relatively trivial

 Our problem statements must be precise

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