2 The atmosphere 中 /EN

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 1 

2.2 Classification of matter

Pure substances and mixtures

 The world is made up of matter ( 物質 ).
 Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass.
 Matter can be classified into pure substances ( 純
物質 ) and mixtures ( 混合物 ).

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2 

2.2 Classification of matter

Pure substances and mixtures

Matter
can be divided into

Pure substances Mixtures

e.g. e.g.
 Nitrogen  Air
 Oxygen  Sea water
 Carbon dioxide  Rocks

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  3 

2.2 Classification of matter

Pure substances and mixtures

 Town gas is a mixture, which contains gases like
methane and hydrogen.

Source:
https://www.towngas.com/en/About-Us/Hong-Kong-Ga
s-Business/Gas-Production

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  4 

2.2 Classification of matter

Pure substances and mixtures

 Red wine and stainless steel are also mixtures.

 An impure substance is always a mixture.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  5 

2.2 Classification of matter

Question:
Why is air not a pure
substance?

Key point
A mixture consists of two or more pure
substances which have not chemically
combined together.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  6 

2.2 Classification of matter

Elements and compounds

 A pure substance is either Pure
an element ( 元素 ) or substances
compound ( 化合物 ).

Elements Compounds

Learning tip
A pure substance is a single substance that has no
other substances mixed with it.
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  7 
2.2 Classification of matter

Elements and compounds

Question:
Is water an element or a
compound?

water

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  8 

2.2 Classification of matter

Elements and compounds

Learning tip
oxygen
hydrogen A little sulphuric acid
water is added to the water
with
some to increase its
sulphuric electrical
acid conductivity.
electric wires connected to power supply
electricity
water hydrogen + oxygen
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  9 
2.2 Classification of matter

Elements and compounds

electricity
water hydrogen + oxygen
compound elements

Key point
An element is a substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler substances by
chemical methods.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  10 

2.2 Classification of matter

Elements and compounds

 Up to January 2016,
 118 elements have been discovered/reported
 92 elements occur naturally

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  11 

2.2 Classification of matter

Elements and compounds

 Percentage abundance by mass of elements in the
Earth’s crust
silicon
oxygen 27.7%
46.6%
aluminium
all other 8.1%
iron
elements 5.0%
1.5%
magnesium potassium sodium calcium
2.1% 2.6% 2.8% 3.6%
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  12 
2.2 Classification of matter

Elements and compounds

 Sodium chloride (or common salt) is made up of
sodium and chlorine chemically combined
together.
elements
sodium + chlorine
sodium chloride
compound
sodium chloride
sodium burns in chlorine

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  13 

2.2 Classification of matter

Elements and compounds

 Some compounds and their constituent elements
Compound Constituent elements
Carbon, hydrogen and
Glucose (C6H12O6)
oxygen
Ammonia (NH3) Nitrogen and hydrogen
Sulphuric acid Hydrogen, sulphur and
(H2SO4) oxygen
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  14 
2.2 Classification of matter

Elements and compounds

 Compounds can have very different properties
from their constituent elements
 Try Class practice 2.1

Key point
A compound is a pure substance made up of
two or more elements chemically combined
together.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  15 

2.2 Classification of matter

Class practice 2.1

Classify the following substances into elements
and compounds:
(a) Copper Element
(b) Calcium oxide Compound
(c) Helium Element
(d) Silver chloride Compound

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  16 

2.2 Classification of matter

Mixtures and compounds

Mixing iron filings and sulphur

iron filings sulphur

black solid yellow solid

 What do we observe when we mix them
together?
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  17 
2.2 Classification of matter

Mixtures and compounds

Mixing iron filings and sulphur
 A yellowish grey solid is
obtained. iron/sulphur mixture
 No sign of heat change
is observed.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  18 

2.2 Classification of matter

Mixtures and compounds

Mixing iron filings and sulphur
 Iron is attracted by the magnet but sulphur is not.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  19 

2.2 Classification of matter

Mixtures and compounds

Heating iron filings and sulphur
 A new substance,
iron(II) sulphide
iron(II) sulphide, forms
(a dark or black solid)
 A lot of heat is given
out

Experiment 2.1 (video

)
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  20 
2.2 Classification of matter

Properties of iron, sulphur, iron/sulphur mixture and

iron(II) sulphide
Iron
 A black solid
 Attracted by magnet
 Sinks in water
 Reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid to
liberate hydrogen gas
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  21 
2.2 Classification of matter

Properties of iron, sulphur, iron/sulphur mixture and

iron(II) sulphide
Sulphur
 A yellow solid
 Not attracted by magnet
 Most sulphur sinks,
while a little floats
 No reaction with dilute
hydrochloric acid
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  22 
2.2 Classification of matter

Properties of iron, sulphur, iron/sulphur mixture and

iron(II) sulphide
Iron/sulphur mixture
 A yellowish grey solid
 Only iron is attracted by
magnet

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  23 

2.2 Classification of matter

Properties of iron, sulphur, iron/sulphur mixture and

iron(II) sulphide
Iron/sulphur mixture
 All iron and most
sulphur sink, while a
little sulphur floats
 Only iron reacts with
dilute hydrochloric acid
to liberate hydrogen gas

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  24 

2.2 Classification of matter

Properties of iron, sulphur, iron/sulphur mixture and

iron(II) sulphide
Iron(II) sulphide
 Black or dark brown solid
 Not attracted by magnet
 Sinks in water

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  25 

2.2 Classification of matter

Properties of iron, sulphur, iron/sulphur mixture and

iron(II) sulphide
Iron(II) sulphide
 Reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid to give
hydrogen sulphide gas
(with smell of bad eggs)

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  26 

2.2 Classification of matter

Main differences between mixtures and compounds

Mixture Compound

Composition by mass variable fixed

 a chemical reaction
 no chemical reaction
takes place takes place
heat is usually given
Changes in formation

 usually no heat out or absorbed
change in making a
mixture when a compound
forms

Melting point (m.p.) and melts or boils over a melts or boils at a

boiling point (b.p.) range of temperatures sharp temperature

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  27 

2.2 Classification of matter

Main differences between mixtures and compounds

Mixture Compound

each constituent many properties are

different from those of
General properties substance retains its its constituent
own properties elements

constituent substances constituent elements

can be separated by can only be separated
Separation of constituents physical methods, by chemical methods,
based on differences in not by physical
physical properties methods

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  28 

2.2 Classification of matter

Classification of matter

Matter

separation by physical methods Pure

Mixtures
direct mixing substances

separation by chemical methods

Compounds Elements
chemical combination

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  29 

2.2 Classification of matter

Class practice 2.2

1. Complete the following paragraph to explain
whether sodium chloride is a mixture or a
compound.
Sodium chloride is made up of sodium and
chlorine. It is a (a) (mixture/compound) and
its properties are (b) (the same/different) from
those of sodium and chlorine. For example,

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  30 

2.2 Classification of matter

Class practice 2.2

 white
sodium chloride is a (c) __________ solid,
while sodium is a shiny silvery solid and
yellowish green gas
chlorine is a (d) _____________________.
 sodium reacts rapidly with water and produces
a lot of heat. But sodium chloride has (e)
(reaction/no reaction) with water.
 sodium chloride is (f) (toxic/non-toxic) while
chlorine is (g) (toxic/non-toxic).

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  31 

2.2 Classification of matter

Class practice 2.2

2. Refer to the following diagrams which show the
arrangement of particles in four substances.

I II III IV
Which diagram represents the arrangement of
particles in
(a) a pure element? III
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  32 
2.2 Classification of matter

Class practice 2.2

2. Refer to the following diagrams which show the
arrangement of particles in four substances.

I II III IV
Which diagram represents the arrangement of
particles in
(b) a pure compound? II
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  33 
2.2 Classification of matter

Class practice 2.2

2. Refer to the following diagrams which show the
arrangement of particles in four substances.

I II III IV
Which diagram represents the arrangement of
particles in
(c) a mixture of elements? IV
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  34 
2.2 Classification of matter

Class practice 2.2

2. Refer to the following diagrams which show the
arrangement of particles in four substances.

I II III IV
Which diagram represents the arrangement of
particles in
(d) a mixture of I
compounds?
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  35
2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
 Some physical properties ( 物理性質 ) of
substances include:
Appearance Density Malleability

Odour Solubility Ductility

Taste Melting point Electrical conductivity

Hardness Boiling point Thermal conductivity

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 36 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Appearance
 It means what a substance
e.g.looks.
What is the appearance of chlorine?
 Colour:
yellowish green
 Physical state under room
conditions:
gas
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  37 
2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Odour
 It refers to a smell of a substance.
e.g. What is the smell of chlorine?
 Chlorine has a pungent smell.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  38 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Taste
 It refers to the flavour of a substance.
Oranges taste sour.
Do you know why?

Learning tip
The taste of an unknown substance is not tested
generally because the substance may be toxic.
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  39 
2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Hardness
 It refers to the ability of a substance to resist
scratching. bit covered by very
small diamonds

e.g. Diamond is very

hard. It can be used in dental drill
making the bit of dental
drill.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  40 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Density
 It refers to how much substance can take up
a specific volume of space.
1 cm3
of water has a
 Density of water: 1.0 g cm -3
mass of 1 g
ice

water

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  41 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Density
 Why does ice float on water?

Density (g cm-3)
Ice 0.92
Water 1.0

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  42 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Solubility
 It refers to how well a substance (the solute)
dissolves in another substance (the solvent).

salt (solute)

water (solvent)

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  43 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Solubility
 Solubility of sodium chloride in water at 25C:
0.357 g/100 cm3
At 25C, a maximum of 0.357 g of sodium chloride
can dissolve in 100 cm3 of water.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  44 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Solubility
 Solubilities of some other substances in
water: Solubility (g/100 cm3)

Glucose 90.9 (at 25C)

Copper(II) sulphate 20.3 (at 20C)

Magnesium chloride 54.3 (at 20C)

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  45 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Melting point
 It refers to the temperature at which a substance
melts (solid becomes liquid).
 Melting point of ice at 1 atm: 0C

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  46 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Boiling point
 It refers to the temperature at which a substance
boils (liquid becomes gas).
 Boiling point of water at 1 atm: 100C

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  47 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Malleability
 It refers to how easily a solid can be rolled into
sheets.
 Aluminium is malleable. It can be rolled into
sheets.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  48 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Ductility
 It refers to how easily a solid can be pulled into

wires.
 Iron is ductile. It can be pulled into sheets.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  49 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Electrical conductivity
 It refers to the ability of a substance to transfer
an electric current.
 Copper has a good electrical
conductivity. It is used in
making electrical wires.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  50 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties
Thermal conductivity
 It refers to the ability of a substance to transfer
heat.
 Stainless steel has a good
thermal conductivity. It is
used in making cooking
pots.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  51 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Physical properties

Key point
Physical properties of a substance are
those properties that can be determined
without
(with/without) the substance
changing into other substances.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  52 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Chemical properties
 Magnesium burns in oxygen vigorously to form
magnesium oxide.
a new substance

magnesium

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  53 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Chemical properties

Key point
Chemical properties of a substance are
those properties that describe the ability
of that substance to react with other
substance(s).

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  54 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Example 2.1
Understanding the physical properties and chemical
properties of water
(a) Why is ‘boiling point’ regarded as a physical
property? Illustrate your answer by referring to
water.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  55 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Example 2.1

Solution
Determine the boiling point of water by heating
water to boiling and then measuring the temperature
of the steam formed.
When water boils, liquid water changes to steam and
no new substances form.
Learning tip
Steam is just water in the gaseous state.
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  56 
2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Example 2.1
(b) What is the boiling point of water at 1 atm?
Solution
100C.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  57 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Example 2.1
(c) State THREE other physical properties of water.
Solution
Water is a colourless liquid under room conditions.
Melting point of water is 0C at 1 atm.
Density of water is 1 g cm-3 under room conditions.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  58 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Example 2.1
(d) State one chemical property of water.
Solution
Water reacts with iron and air to form rust under
room conditions.
Learning tip
Room conditions: 25C and 1 atm.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  59 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Class practice 2.3

Classify each of the following descriptions of the
property of a substance as physical property or
chemical property.
(a) Ice melts at
0C.Physical property
(b) Iron effervesces in dilute
acid.Chemical property

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  60 

2.3 Physical properties and chemical properties of substances

Class practice 2.3

(c) Silver conducts electricity when it is connected
to a circuit.
Physical property
(d) Magnesium chloride, a compound formed from
magnesium and chlorine, is soluble in water.
Physical property

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  61

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Physical changes
 Consider the melting of ice:

ice (solid)
made up of
water (liquid) water particles

No new substances are produced when ice

melts!
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 62 
2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Physical changes
 Changes of states are physical change ( 物理變
化 ). sublimation
solid gas
deposition

n o
ati
fre

ns
ez

de
me

ing
in

n
g
ltin

il
co

bo
g

heat absorbed
heat given out
liquid

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  63 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Physical changes

Key point
A physical change is a change in which no
new substances are produced.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  64 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Chemical changes
 Consider the burning of magnesium in
 oxygen:
Magnesium undergoes
chemical change ( 化學
變化 ) when burns in magnesium
oxide
oxygen.

magnesium

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  65 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Chemical changes
 The reaction can be presented by a word
equation ( 文字方程式 ):

‘reacts
‘to produce’
with’

magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide

reactants product

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  66 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Chemical changes

Key point
A chemical change is a change in which
one or more new substances are
produced.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  67 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Example 2.2
Classifying changes as physical changes or chemical
changes
Classify each of the following changes as a physical
change or chemical change.
(a) Dissolving sugar cubes in water
Solution
Physical change

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  68 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Example 2.2
(b) A freshly cut apple turns brown after exposure to
air
Solution
Chemical change

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  69 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Example 2.2
(c) Evaporation of alcohol
Solution
Physical change

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  70 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Example 2.2
(d) Burning of carbon in air
Solution
Chemical change

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  71 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Class practice 2.4

Classify each of the following changes as a physical
change or chemical change.
(a) Condensation of steam on a cold surface
Physical change
(b) Grinding a vitamin C tablet into powder
Physical change

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  72 

2.4 Physical changes and chemical changes

Class practice 2.4

(c) Burning of petrol in car engine
Chemical change
(d) Newspaper turns yellow after exposure to air
for a long time
Chemical change

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  73

2.5 The atmosphere and composition of air

Class practice 2.5

Air contains nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour,
carbon dioxide, argon, helium, neon, krypton
and xenon.
Classify the components of air into elements and
compounds.
Elements: nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, neon,

krypton
Compounds: waterand xenon
vapour, carbon dioxide

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  74

2.6 Separation of oxygen and nitrogen from air

Uses of oxygen and nitrogen

 Oxygen is used in hospitals to help patients with
breathing difficulties.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 75 

2.6 Separation of oxygen and nitrogen from air

Uses of oxygen and nitrogen

 Nitrogen is unreactive and it is used to provide an
inert atmosphere for food packaging.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  76 

2.7 Test for oxygen

Test for oxygen using glowing splint ( 有餘燼的木

條 )
 Some properties of oxygen:

 a gas (under room

 conditions)
colourless
 odourless

 reactive

 supports burning

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 77 

2.7 Test for oxygen

Test for oxygen using glowing splint

How can we tell whether an

unknown gas is oxygen?

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  78 

2.7 Test for oxygen

Test for oxygen using glowing splint

glowing
splint

glowing
splint
gas to be relighted
tested

Experiment 2.2 (video

)
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  79 
2.7 Test for oxygen

Test for oxygen using glowing splint

Key point
Oxygen relights a glowing splint.
This property of oxygen is used as a test
for oxygen.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  80 

2.7 Test for oxygen

Class practice 2.7

1. Can we identify oxygen from its colour? Explain

briefly.
No. This is because many gases are also
colourless.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  81 

2.7 Test for oxygen

Class practice 2.7

2. You are provided with two unlabelled jars of

colourless gases. One is oxygen while another
is nitrogen. Suggest a simple test to identify
the jar containing oxygen. State the expected
result of the test.
Test the gases with a glowing splint respectively.
The one that relights the splint is oxygen.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  82

2.7 Test for oxygen

Flame test ( 焰色試驗 )

 Some metals and metallic compounds, when
burnt or heated strongly, produce a characteristic
coloured flame.
 Flame test is based on this principle.

Experiment 3.4 (video

)
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  83
 2.7 Test for oxygen

Procedure for a flame test

❶ Moisten a clean platinum or nichrome wire with
concentrated hydrochloric acid.

concentrated hydrochloric
platinum wire acid

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 2.7 Test for oxygen

Procedure for a flame test

❷ Dip the wire into a crushed sample of the
substance to be tested.

non-luminous flame

sample of the substance

to be tested
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  85
 2.7 Test for oxygen

Procedure for a flame test

❸ Heat the end of the wire in a non-luminous
Bunsen flame.

flame colour due to

metal element

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2.7 Test for oxygen

Flame colours of some metallic compounds

Compound of potassium sodium

Flame colour

lilac golden yellow

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Flame colours of some metallic compounds

Compound of calcium copper

Flame colour

brick-red bluish green

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2.7 Test for oxygen

Electrolysis of sea water

 Electrolysis ( 電解 ) means ‘decomposition by
electricity’.
 The compounds mainly present in sea water
i.e. sodium chloride and water, can be
decomposed by electricity.

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2.7 Test for oxygen

Electrolysis of sea water

 Hydrogen gas and hydrogen gas chlorine gas
chlorine gas form
at the negative and
positive electrode sea water
respectively. graphite graphite
electrode electrode
 The solution left (–) (+)
behind becomes
sodium hydroxide direction of
solution. electron flow

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2.7 Test for oxygen

Key point
sodium
sea electricity hydrogen + chlorine + hydroxide
water gas gas
solution

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Uses of the products

 As mentioned, the products formed from the
electrolysis of sea water are:
Hydrogen

Chlorine

Sodium hydroxide
 There are many uses of these products in everyday
life.
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Some uses of hydrogen

Making margarine Making ammonia

(for producing
fertilizer)
As rocket fuel
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Some uses of chlorine

Sterilizing swimming pool Making polyvinyl

water chloride (PVC) (a
plastic)
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Some uses of sodium hydroxide

Making soap Making drain Neutralizing acidic

cleaner effluent from
factory
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Further uses of the products

Hydrogen with chlorine Chlorine with sodium hydroxide

Making hydrochloric acid Making chlorine bleach

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2.7 Test for oxygen

 Making margarine
Hydrogen  Making ammonia
 As rocket fuel

 Making hydrochloric acid

 Sterilizing swimming pool

Electrolysis water
 Making polyvinyl chloride
of Chlorine
sea water  Making chlorine bleach

 Making soap
Sodium  Making drain cleaner
 Neutralizing acidic effluent
hydroxide from factory

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2.7 Test for oxygen

Class practice 3.5

Below is a set-up for the electrolysis of sea water.
gas P gas Q

sea water

graphite electrode graphite electrode

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2.7 Test for oxygen

Class practice 3.5

(a) (i) What is gas P?
Chlorine
(ii) Suggest one common use of P.
Sterilizing swimming pool water/
making plastic (PVC)/
making hydrochloric acid/
making chlorine bleach

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2.7 Test for oxygen

Class practice 3.5

(b) (i) What is gas Q?
Hydrogen
(ii) Suggest one common use of Q.
Making margarine/making ammonia/
as rocket fuel/making hydrochloric acid

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2.7 Test for oxygen

Class practice 3.5

(c) The sea water will finally become a new
substance R.
(i) What is
R?
Sodium hydroxide (solution)
(ii) Suggest one common use of R.
Making soap/making drain cleaner/
neutralizing acidic effluent from factory/
making chlorine bleach
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7  10