CHAPTER NO.

Unit 2: Computer Graphics

and Geometric Modeling
Marks (9-15)
 Syllabus
Unit content:
Geometric Transformations, Homogeneous
Coordinates, Windowing and Viewing
Transformations, Coordinate Transformations,
Standardization in Graphics Software, CAD / CAM
Data Exchange.
Introduction to Geometric Modeling and its types,
Parametric representation of basic entities like line
and circle, Introduction to basic curves - Bezier, B-
Spline, NURBS, concept of CSG and Boolean
operations, Feature based modeling. .
 CAD / CAM DATA EXCHANGE
Explain the need of data exchange. Dec. 12 (6 marks)

• SHAPE BASED FORMAT (Indirect

translator)
• PRODUCT DATA BASED FORMAT
(Direct translator)
SHAPE BASED FORMAT (Indirect
translator)

Indirect data transfer

 Neutral file format
Example of shape based format
DXF: Drawing exchange format
IGES: Initial Graphics Exchange
Specification
STL:Standerd Triangular Language
STEP:Standerd for Exchange of
Product Data.
 SHAPE BASED FORMAT
(Indirect translator)
Advantages:
1. It is most useful when there are large
number of CAD/CAM systems.
2. It is a system independent.
Disadvantages:
1. Data size is very big and requires
more space and time.
2. Not suitable for smaller number of
CAD/CAM system.
 PRODUCT DATA BASED FORMAT
(Direct translator)

Situation with direct data transfer – 4 CAD System

 Product Data based format
• Example
1)SDF: Standard Product Data Exchange Format
2)EDIF: Electronic Design Interface Format
3)PDES: Product Data Exchange using STEP
4)PDF: Product Data Exchange Format
• It Includes Three layers
• 1)Application :Discription Mech ,Electrical
• 2)Logical:Data Structure and Information to
be exchange
• 3)Physical:Data Structure File and Format for
file exchange
 PRODUCT DATA BASED FORMAT
(Direct translator)
Advantages: -
1. Direct translators run more quickly.
2. Data files are compact and smaller in
size.
Disadvantages: -
1. Not-recommended for larger number
of CAD/CAM systems.
2. They are system based and can work
only for given system
 STANDARDIZATION IN GRAPHICS
SOFTWARE
What do you mean by standardization in graphics software?
Explain in brief GKS, PHIGS and IGES. May 2010 (6 marks)

Need of graphics standard

1)Application program
portability
2)Object database portability
3)Picture data portability
4)Text portability
 Various graphics standards

1)GKS (Graphic Kernel System)

2)PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical
Interface for Graphics Standard)
3)IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange
Specification)
4)STEP (Standard for Exchange of
Product Model Data)
 GKS (Graphic Kernel System)
• It is first significant graphics standard developed
in 1970.
• This package is used for both 2D and 3D.
• It is device independent hence it can work with all
types of input and output devices.
• All text/ annotation are written and stored in
natural languages.
• GKS supports picture data into two routines,
which are primitives, elements and their
attributes.
 PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical
Interface for Graphics Standard)
• The best benefits of PHIGS over GKS-3D is its
ability to handle dynamic graphics changes and
supporting segmentation of graphics display.
• Some features that are specific to PHIGS & not
well supported by GKS are
Support for geometric animation
Very high interactivity
Hierarchical structuring of data
IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange
Specification)
 IGES
• IGES works on pre & post
processing methodology.
• IGES are categorized into three
types.
1)Geometric Entities
2)Annotations Entities
3)Structure Entities
 STEP (Standard for Exchange of Product
Model Data)
• This standardise :-Geometric shape , relations,
attributes, assembly analysis etc.
• STEP format can be used at any stage of
product development.
 Types of transformation
• Geometric transformation: “moving object
relative to stationery co-ordinate system”
Example: to animate flying of aeroplane . Here
aeroplane is object (moving)& sky is co-
ordinate system (steady)
• Co-ordinate Transformation: “ moving co-
ordinate system by holding the object
stationery.”
Example: to animate flying of aeroplane. Here
aeroplane is fixed & sky is moving
Types of geometric transformation
• Translation (move)
• Rotation
• Scaling
• Reflection
• shear
 APPLICATIONS OF GEOMETRIC
TRANSFORMATIONS
Discuss the importance of geometric transformations
in computer graphics. May 2012 (7 marks)
1. It helps to builds the model at different locations
and orientations maintaining the design feature
tree, where a solid is created through subsequent
operation from a sketch.
2. With the help of transformations, the model may
be regenerated from the existing model using new
set of transformations.
 APPLICATIONS OF GEOMETRIC
TRANSFORMATIONS
3. Transformations provide the operator a chance to
generate views from different angles using viewing
transformation.
4. The model visualizations and understanding
becomes quite effective using viewing
transformation through application like panning,
zoom-in/out rotation etc.
5. Geometric Transformation can also be used to
create animations to simulate or to calculate spatial
occupancy of the model in motion.
 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
•Basic transformation of rotation of an image takes
place about
a)Origin b) Corner of an image
c) Centre of image d) Top plane
•In computer graphics GKS stands for
a) General Knowledge System b) Graphics
Kernel System
c) Graphics Knowledge System d) None of these
•___________ is a type of graphics standard.
a)PHIGS b) CORE c) GKS d) All of
these
• A graphics software should be ___________
a)Complete b) Robust
c) Economic d) All of these
• Moving an object across the screen parallel to its initial position
is called as
a) Movement b) Rotation c) translation d) Shifting
• The models from different CAD software's can be exchanged
using
a) IGES b) ISO c) GKS d) DIN
• In coordinate transformation, vertices of the object are
transformed by shifting coordinate system.
A) True B) False
• Zoom in and zoom out transformation can be obtained by using
rotation command. A) True B) False
• In Geometric Transformations, vertices of the object are
changed with respect to co-ordinate system. A)True B) False
• IGES is
A) Neutral file format B) Data format C) Operating system format
END OF CHAPTER