DATA

COMMUNICATION

Lecture-09
 Recap of Lecture 6, 7 & 8

• The OSI Model

• Functions of OSI Layers
• TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 Addresses

• Four levels of addresses are used in an internet

employing the TCP/IP protocols:

1. Physical (link) addresses,

2. Logical (IP) addresses,
3. Port addresses, and
4. Specific addresses
Addresses
Relationship of layers and addresses
in TCP/IP
Physical Addresses
 Physical Addresses
• Also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by
its LAN or WAN.
• It is included in the frame used by the data link layer.
• It is the lowest-level address.
• The physical addresses have authority over the network (LAN or
WAN).

• The size and format of these addresses vary depending on the

network.
• For example, Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical address that is
imprinted on the network interface card (NIC).
• Local-Talk (Apple), however, has a I-byte dynamic address that
changes each time the station comes up.
 Physical Addresses (cont..)
• In Figure a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node
with physical address 87.
• The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN).
• At the data link layer, this frame contains physical (link) addresses
in the header.
• The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error detection.
• As the figure shows, the computer with physical address lO is the
sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
• The data link layer at the sender receives data from an upper
layer.
• It encapsulates the data in a frame, adding a header and a trailer.
• The header, among other pieces of information, carries the
receiver and the sender physical (link) addresses.
 Physical Addresses (cont..)

• Note that in most data link protocols, the destination address, 87 in this case,
comes before the source address (10 in this case).
• We have shown a bus topology for an isolated LAN.
• In a bus topology, the frame is propagated in both directions (left and right).
• The frame propagated to the left dies when it reaches the end of the cable if the
cable end is terminated appropriately.
• The frame propagated to the right is sent to every station on the network.
• Each station with a physical addresses other than 87 drops the frame because
the destination address in the frame does not match its own physical address.
• The intended destination computer, however, finds a match between the
destination address in the frame and its own physical address.
• The frame is checked, the header and trailer are dropped, and the data part is
de-capsulated and delivered to the upper layer.
 Physical Addresses (cont..)

• Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as

12 hexadecimal digits;

• Every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01 :2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address
Physical Addresses (cont..)
Logical Addresses
 Logical Addresses

• Logical addresses are necessary for universal communications that

are independent of underlying physical networks.
• Physical addresses are not adequate in an internetwork
environment where different networks can have different address
formats.
• A universal addressing system is needed in which each host can be
identified uniquely, regardless of the underlying physical network.
• A logical address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit address that
can uniquely define a host connected to the Internet.
• No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the Internet can
have the same IP address.
 Logical Addresses (cont..)
• Figure shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs.
• Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical)
for each connection.
• In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only
one pair of addresses.
• Each router, however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown in
the figure). So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.
• Although it may be obvious that each router must have a separate physical
address for each connection, it may not be obvious why it needs a logical
address for each connection.
• The computer with logical address A and physical address 10 needs to send a
packet to the computer with logical address P and physical address 95.
• We use letters to show the logical addresses and numbers for physical
addresses, but note that both are actually numbers.
 Logical Addresses (cont..)
• The sender encapsulates its data in a packet at the network layer and adds two logical
addresses (A and P).
• Note that in most protocols, the logical source address comes before the logical
destination address (contrary to the order of physical addresses).
• The network layer consults its routing table and finds the logical address of the next
hop (router I) to be F.
• The ARP finds the physical address of router 1 that corresponds to the logical address
of 20.
• Now the network layer passes this address to the data link layer, which in turn,
encapsulates the packet with physical destination address 20 and physical source
address 10.
• The frame is received by every device on LAN 1, but is discarded by all except router 1.
• The router de-capsulates the packet from the frame to read the logical destination
address P.
• Since the logical destination address does not match the router's logical address, the
router knows that the packet needs to be forwarded.
 Logical Addresses (cont..)
• The router consults its routing table and ARP to find the physical destination
address of the next hop (router 2), creates a new frame, encapsulates the
packet, and sends it to router 2.
• The source physical address changes from 10 to 99. The destination physical
address changes from 20 (router 1 physical address) to 33 (router 2 physical
address).
• The logical source and destination addresses must remain the same; otherwise
the packet will be lost.
• At router 2 we have a similar scenario. The physical addresses are changed, and
a new frame is sent to the destination computer.
• When the frame reaches the destination, the packet is de-capsulated.
• The destination logical address P matches the logical address of the computer.
• The data are de-capsulated from the packet and delivered to the upper layer.
• Note that although physical addresses will change from hop to hop, logical
addresses remain the same from the source to destination.
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
 Port Addresses
• The IP address and the physical address are necessary for a quantity of data to
travel from a source to the destination host.
• However, arrival at the destination host is not the final objective of data
communications on the Internet.
• A system that sends nothing but data from one computer to another is not
complete.
• Computers are devices that can run multiple processes at the same time.
• The end objective of Internet communication is a process communicating with
another process.
• For example, computer A can communicate with computer C by using TELNET.
• At the same time, computer A communicates with computer B by using the File
Transfer Protocol (FTP).
• For these processes to receive data simultaneously, we need a method to label
the different processes.
• In other words, they need addresses.
 Port Addresses
• In the TCPIIP architecture, the label assigned to a process is called a port address which
is16 bits in length.
• Figure shows two computers communicating via the Internet.
• The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b,
and c.
• The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port addresses j and
k.
• Process a in the sending computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer.
• Note that although both computers are using the same application, FTP, for example,
the port addresses are different because one is a client program and the other is a
server program.
• To show that data from process a need to be delivered to process j, and not k, the
transport layer encapsulates data from the application layer in a packet and adds two
port addresses (a and j), source and destination.
• Packet from the transport layer is then encapsulated in another packet at the network
layer with logical source and destination addresses (A and P).
 Port Addresses
• Finally, this packet is encapsulated in a frame with the physical source and
destination addresses of the next hop.
• We have not shown the physical addresses because they change from hop
to hop inside the cloud designated as the Internet.
• Note that although physical addresses change from hop to hop, logical and
port addresses remain the same from the source to destination.

• Example
• A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as
shown.
753
A 16-bit port address represented as one single number
Port Addresses (cont..)
Specific Addresses
 Specific Addresses

• Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are designed for that
specific address.

• Examples include the e-mail address (for example, [email protected]) and

the Universal Resource Locator (URL) (for example, www.mhhe.com).

• The first defines the recipient of an e-mail;

• the second is used to find a document on the World Wide Web.

• These addresses, however, get changed to the corresponding port and logical
addresses by the sending computer.
 Summary

 Addresses

1. Logical addresses
2. Physical addresses
3. Port addresses
4. Specific addresses
 Suggested Reading

• Section
• 2.5,

• “Data Communications and Networking” 4 th Edition by

Behrouz A. Forouzan