Class IX – Computer Science

2022-23

Chapter :1
Basic Of Computer

By: Ms. Alefya Murtaza

1.1.1-Generations of Computer
Generations of Computer
• First Generation Computers:
 They used vacuum tube technology.
 Major invention of this generation is Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC).
 The concept of stored program was first presented by Dr. John Von
Neumann.
 First computer that used stored program concept was Electronic Delayed
Storage Automatic Computer (EDSAC).
 First commercially successful machine was Universal Automatic Computer
(UNIVAC-I)
 This generation computers had following short comings:
a) Very big in size
b) Slow in speed
c) Large power consumption
d) Difficult maintenance.
Vacuum Tubes
Generations of Computer
• Second Generation Computers:
 Transistor was invented in 1948.
 As compared to vacuum tubes, transistors are smaller, reliable and
consume less power.
 Computers developed in this generation were more efficient and
faster.
 A number of hardware improvements were made in this
generation.
i.e. Card readers, magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, printers.
 These computers used computer languages like simple English.
Generations of Computer
• Second Generation Computers:

 Advantages of Second Generation

1. Smaller in size as compares to 1st generation.
2. Much more reliable.
3. Less heat generated.
4. Computation was performing in micro second.
5. Less hardware and maintenance problem.
6. Could be used for commercial use.
 Disadvantages of Second Generation
1. Very costly for commercial use.
2. It still required frequent maintenance.
3. Frequent cooling also required.
Transistors - 1948
Generations of Computer
•Third Generation Computers:
In 60s, Integrated circuits (ICs) appeared.
IC chip contain transistors, diode and resistances.
These computers were very smaller and consume very less power.
These computers used more versatile programs like real time
programming.
Their example is IBM computer model 85 of its System/360 series.
Minicomputer:
Same capabilities as large computers but were smaller in size with less storage
capacity.

Advantages: Smaller in size; more reliable and portable; low maintenance cost,
lesser power required.
Disadvantages: Required highly sophisticated technology for manufacturing ICs.
Integrated Circuits
Generations of Computer
•Fourth Generation Computers:
 Introduced in 1970’s
 Used VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) Circuits containing thousands of
transistors, diodes and registers.
 Roughly more than 30,000 components could be accommodated on one
chip of the size of a postal stamp.
 Concept of micro-processors evolved. It is a chip of silicon known as
microprocessor chip.
 Could be easily placed on small table
 Price reduced and affordable and became a common equipment in small
business establishments.
 Advantages : Size reduced substantially; air conditioning not required;
operations much faster; more general purpose; cheapest amongst all
previous generations; desktops made available for business/personal use.
Generations of Computer
• Fifth Generation Computers:
 Based on ULSI (Ultra large scale integration) technology.
 Will have tremendous processing power and speed.
 Support high degree of artificial intelligence (computers
will be able to think and learn and act on their own to
some extent)
 Interact with humans in ordinary languages
 Advantages : More user-friendly; reduced size; easy to
operate; economical and faster; programming much
easier and simpler; emphasis shifted to networks and
client server technology.
1.1.2 General and Special Purpose
Computer
• General purpose computers differ from special purpose computers in that they are designed to follow
instructions. Special purpose computers are created and assigned specific tasks.

• The best way to gain an understanding of general purpose computers is to look at the ENIAC computer which was
the first ever general purpose computer. It was built in 1946 for the US army to complete a variety of tasks. As it
could do so, it was nicknamed a 'Giant Brain'. It was able to be reprogrammed to perform a range of computing
problems.

• General purpose computers are designed so that they do not require any specific human instruction in order to
complete problems and tasks. They are programmed in their design to do so themselves. These computers are
common in day to day life and are often used to perform tasks including data processing and numerical problems.
Personal computers that are used at home or at work are general purpose computers.

• Special purpose computers are those designed to do a specific job. These again are used throughout daily life and
examples include:

• Home appliances
• Toys and games
• Cash machines
• Vehicle computers
• These computers are not designed to be versatile in their tasks and require human input to do them. Their
purpose is in built when the computer is being designed and cannot be reprogrammed. They can be designed to
perform for example only numerical or data processing tasks among others.
Types of Computer
• Computers can be divided into following three types:
 Analog Computers
 Digital Computers
 Hybrid Computers
Types of Computer
• Analog Computer:
 These computers accept data in continuous form and represent

it in suitable form to perform scientific operation.

 Analog data include distance, speed, pressure, temperature, and
current etc.
 They are used for complex scientific and mathematical
operations.
 These are also used in industrial units.
 Analog computers are very fast but not accurate.
Types of Computer
• Digital Computer:
These are general purpose computers in many sizes
and shapes.
These computers accepts data in the form of digits.
These computers are used for arithmetic and logic
operations.
Modern digital computers can store large amount
of data.
They are used in almost every field of life like
research, business, education, health,
supermarkets, factories, banking etc.
Types of Computer
• Hybrid Computer:
 It combines best features of analog and digital computers.
 They are special-purpose computers, which are fast and accurate.
 It helps the user to handle both analog and digital data.
 Mainly these computers are used in medical investigations, ICU and to
alert doctors in any unusual situations.
 Also used in telemetry, spaceships, guided missiles etc.
1.1.3 Classification of
Computers
• Digital computers can be classified according to their sizes into
the following main groups:
Supercomputers
Mainframe
Minicomputers
Microcomputers

• This classification is based on their processing

power, speed, size of main memory and other
capabilities of computers.
Classification of Computers
• Supercomputers:
 They are largest, fastest and most expensive.
 They can handle complicated problems.
 They are manufactured in 1980.
 They are used in space exploration, forecasting weather, aircraft
design etc.
 Examples are CRAY-I, CRAY-2 and CYBER 205.
Classification of Computers
• Mainframe:
 These are Large-Scale computers.
 Require large rooms with cooling etc.
 Very fast and have very large memory.
 Used by government, banks , airlines, universities where hundred
of users can process tasks at a time.
 Examples: CYBER 176 and IBM 4341
Classification of Computers
• Minicomputers:
 These low cost computers use integrated circuits(ICs).
 These are found in business, education and government areas.
 Supports multiple-users and multiple tasks like mainframe through
the use of terminals.
 Introduced in mid-1960s.
Classification of Computers
• Microcomputers:
 These are less expensive computers.
 These are being used in all application areas.
 These are introduced in 1970s after development of micro-
processor.
 These are very small in size and have less weight.
 Their examples are IBM PC, AT&T, PS/2 and Apple Macintosh.
1.2 Significance of
Computer
1.2.1 Uses of computer
• Education
• Distance and online
• Business
• Retailing and banking
• Defense
• Radar system
• Media
• Social media, entertainment
• Manufacturing
• Automobile industry
Education
• Ease the process of learning
• All subjects
• Multimedia aid
• Internet
• Examination process
• MCQs
• Online exams
• Computer bases examination etc
Business
• Improve productivity
• Business activities efficiently
• Business documents
• Reports
• Charts
• Etc.
• Banking Applications
• Statement
• Transfer
• bill payment
• etc.
• Retail stores
• Barcode readers
• Faster checkout process
• Etc.
• Hotel
• Hospital
• Travel agency
• Real state
• Stock exchange
Defense
• Tanks, Planes and Ships
• Tracking missiles
• Computer controlled weapons
• Design and testing of weapons
• Defense communication system
Media
• News papers
• Magazine
• Booklet, brochure etc.
• Broadcast media
• Internet/mobile
• Television broadcasting etc
Manufacturing
• Accuracy
• Quality
• Speed
• Product design and automation of process
• CAD (computer aided design)
• CAM (computer aided manufacturing)
1.2.2 Scope of IT in Career
• Software Eng
• Highly skilled person who analyze, designs, implements and maintain a computer software.
• Programmer
• Expert in programming languages
• Write program to solve problem
• Analyst
• Analyze the data processing requirements of organization and develop information system to implement
them. They investigate, plan and recommend the type of hardware software needed.
• Hardware Eng
• Network Administrator
• Database Administrator
• Web designer
• Multimedia designer
• Information security analyst
• Blogger
• a regularly updated website or web page, typically one run by an individual or small group,
that is written in an informal or conversational style.
• ICT/Computer Science Teacher
1.3 Computer
Hardware
1.3.1 I/O Devices
Input, Output and Secondary Storage
Devices are collectively
known as “peripherals”
Input Computer Output
• Data/ • Process • Information
Instructions
Input Devices
• The devices which are used to enter data and instructions into
the computer are called input devices.
• Input devices converts data and instructions into a form that a
computer can process.
• And gives output.
 Input Devices
• Categories of Input Devices

Input
Devices

Pointing Scanning Voice-input Digital

Keyboard
Devices Devices Devices Camera

Mouse

Joystick
Examples of Input Devices
• Keyboard • OCR
• Mouse • MICR
• Tracker ball • OMR
• Touch sensitive pad • Punched Card
• Joystick • Kimball tag
• Light pen • Voice recognition
• Touch screen • Microphone
• Graphics tablets • EPOS
• Magnetic Strip Reader • EFTPOS
• Bar Code reader • Video digitiser
• Digital cameras • Scanner
• Web Cameras • Touch Phone Telephone
Input Device - Keyboard
• Keyboard is the primary text input device to enter textual data
into the computer.
• The layout of keyboard is just like the traditional typewriter
with extra command keys and function keys.
• There are different types of keyboards
• but the QWERTY keyboard is the most widely used.
 Keyboard

 The keyboard allows the computer user to enter

words, numbers, punctuation, symbols, and special
function commands into the computer’s memory.
Keyboard - Five Major Groups
The five major groups of keys on a standard keyboard are:
1. The Alphanumeric keypad (letters and numbers)
• Also includes Backspace, Caps Lock, Enter etc
2. The Function keys (F1, F2, etc.)
3. The Numeric keypad (numbers organized like a calculator
keypad)
• Includes decimal point and Num Lock.
4. Screen Navigation or Cursor Movement Keys (Arrow keys,
Home and End, Page Up and Page Down)
5. Modifier keys (Shift, Alt, Ctrl)
• Also includes Delete, insert, Esc and print screen key.s
Mouse
• Mouse is also a primary input device but lacks the ability to
easily transmit texual information.
• Also known as pointing device.
• The mouse is an integral part of the Graphical User Interface
(GUI) of any personal computer.
• The conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top; left
one is used most frequently.
Mouse - Wired and Wireless
Mouse Events
• Mouse event refers to the activity that can be performed by
using the mouse. A typical mouse can perform the following
events:
• Left click
• Right click
• Drag
Mouse Clicks
Below are the general ways to click a computer
mouse and the actions they perform. As
mentioned above these actions may change
depending on the program you are using.
• Single-click (pressing and releasing the mouse button) performs an action, if you
clicked on a button, icon, or other object. With a mouse with two or more buttons
the single-click is usually left-clicking the mouse.
• Click and drag (pressing and holding the mouse button and moving the mouse while
you continue to hold the mouse button) is often used to highlight or select text or
more than one object.
• Double-click (pressing the button two times fast) executes a program or opens a file.
• Right-click (pressing the alternate mouse button, often the right one) will perform a
special action. For example, in Microsoft Windows, right-clicking the mouse button
brings up a menu with additional options for whatever was clicked.
Trackball
• A pointing device that works like mouse.
• Contains a ball exposed on its surface.
• Usually one to three buttons next to the ball.
• Advantages:
• Does not require much space to use.
• It can be placed on any type of surface.
Trackball
Joystick
• This device is well known with young people as it is mainly
used for playing computer games.
• As the name implies, it is like a stick connected to a platform,
which can be moved in all directions.
• These movements in turn will move something on screen
depending on the game. Usually joysticks have buttons also
called triggers.
Joystick
Scanner
• It reads images and text and converts the data into digital
signals, which can be directly fed and stored in computer.
• Graphical scanners : read photos and images
• Text Scanners : read pages of text and produces editable text
files.
• Barcode scanners: used in stores, convert bar codes into
digital information.
Types of Scanners
• Hand–held Scanner:
• Held in hand and passed across the image to be scanned.
• Smaller in size
• Less expensive but require a steady hand to get a clear image.
• Old scanners were limited to scan a wider picture
• New scanners provide facility to scan wider by combining two pictures
and make it a complete image.
• Flatbed Scanner:
• Has a flat piece of glass.
• Identical design to a photocopier machine.
• Better than hand-held and sheet-fed scanners.
• Sheet-fed Scanner:
• Feeds each sheet of paper across a nonmoving scan head.
• Cannot be used to scan pages in books or magazines.
Scanners
Other Input Devices:
• Light Pen:
• A light-sensitive input pointing device shaped like a pen.
• Allows interaction with a computer through a special designed
monitor/display screen.

• Microphone
• Digital Camera
• Voice Synthesizer:
• It is an electronic device that combines basic sounds to imitate
the speech of a person.
• An example of a voice synthesizer is what creates the voices on
many customer service voice mail systems.
Light Pen
• Is a pen shaped device, held in the hand which can detect the
presence or absence of light
• It is connected by the cable to a recording device or to a
computer or computer terminal.
• Electrical signals are sent along the cable indicating whether

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or not light of sufficient intensity is being sensed.
Uses
• To detect bar codes
• To indicate a point on the screen
• It removes the need to type or write.
• It is faster than typing.
Disadvantage:

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It can only record the presence or absence of light.
It only works with software written for it.
Touch Pad /Track Pad
• Is a small, flat surface over which the user moves his finger.
• The movement of the finger moves the cursor on the screen.
• A touch pad also has one or more buttons near it .
• These buttons like mouse buttons.

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• Touch pads are commonly used with notebook computers
Touch screen
• Is a video display screen that receives input from the touch of
finger
• Examples
• ATM

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• Petrol Pumps
Magnetic Strip
• Is a short length of magnetic tape stuck on the surface of a
tag, card or document.
• On plastic tags or cards the strip is sealed in.
• Tags with stripes identify the item they are attached to.
Examples:

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• On credit card
• On bank cards
• A phone Card
• Cash issue Terminals
Advantages
• It is simple to produce.
• It is not easily damaged.
• It stores a large no of characters.
Disadvantages

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• The data can be changed or erased by magnetic field.
Barcodes Readers
• Is set of parallel printed lines of differing thickness,
which represent a number.
• The number represented by the bars is also printed
above or below the bar code.
• When bar code are used on shop goods, the number
coded identifies the product and have following

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information
1. Country of region
2. Manufacturer
3. An item number for the product.
Examples:
• Used in Barcodes
• Library System
• Warehouse stock
Advantages
• Printed easily
• The type of item or its price does not have to be repeatedly
written down or typed.
Disadvantages:
• bar codes cannot be changed and thus there are unsuitable

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prices.
• Bar codes only be read by machine.
• Only numbers can be coded in this way.
Optical Character recognition (OCR)
• Is a technology that reads typewritten , computer printed or
handwritten documents.
• It translate the image into a form that can be recognized by
computer.
• OCR devices read printed characters using OCR font.

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• An OCR device determines the shapes of characters by
detecting patterns of light and dark.
Uses
• In department stores
• To scan financial documents such as company

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9.Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
• It is also called mark sensing device.
• It uses light to scan input data to convert it into
electrical/digital signal.
• The signals are then sent to the computer for further
processing.

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• Examples
• Voting ballot
• Multiple choice answer sheet marking
• Enrollment forms
 Mark sheet (OMR)

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Advantages
• Reduces the cost of inputting large amount of data
• The method is useful when results of the test are needed very
quickly
• Disadvantages
• Readers are very expensive

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• Only certain fonts are acceptable.
• There is high rejection rate
 10.Magnetic ink character reader (MICR)

• Characters are printed using an ink

containing iron oxide.
• As the document passes into the

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reader the ink is magnetized, so that
the character shapes can then be
recognized electrically.
 Uses
• It is used by banks industry for check processing.
• Each check contains MICR characters at the lower left edge.
• These characters represent check number ,bank number and
account number

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Cheque number Branch code Account number
Advantages
• Documents can still be read when folded, written on
Disadvantages
• Readers are very expansive
• Only certain fonts are acceptable.

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13.Microphone
• Is used for input device for a speech recognition system.
• The voice pattern of user is then converted into instructions to
the operating system or application software or text.
• Uses as voice mail messages

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14.Electronic point of sale Terminal
(EPOS)
• Are the cash registers which act as the terminals to a main
computer system
• Providing customers with itemised bills.
• Give useful management information

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Digital Camera
• Is used to store, picture in digital form.
• Store images using different ways like floppy disk, memory
stick, mini CD ,PC Card and micro device.
• Can be connected to a computer easily through USB port.

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• Image resolution for digital camera measured by megapixels.
• Higher resolution photo takes up more memory .
Advantages
• No film is needed
• No expensive developing costs
• Pictures are in digital form so it can easily sent over the
internet

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• You can adjust the size of image
Web camera ( Web Cams)
• Is simply a digital camera that is
used to capture still images and
video images
• These images can then be
transmitted to a computer where
they are stored in graphics format
• Pictures can be used on the
websites
• Camera placed on top the screen
such a system allow video
conferencing

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1.3.2 Sensors
• Sensors are devices which read or measures physical
properties.
• Temperature, pressure, acidity etc.
• Data in analogue form.
• ADC – Analogue to digital convertor
• DAC – Digital to analogue convertor
Temperature Sensors
• Control a central heating system
• Control/monitor a chemical process
• control/monitor the temperature in a greenhouse
Moisture/Humidity Sensors
• Control/monitor the moisture level in soil in greenhouse
• Control/monitor the humidity leven in the air in a greenhouse
• Monitor (dampness) unwanted moisture level in an industrial
application (e.g car spray booth)
Light Sensor
• Switch street lighting on at night and off during the day
• Monitor/Control light levels in a greenhouse
• Automatically switch on a cars headlights when it gets dark
Infra-red/Motion Sensor
• Turn on the windscreen wipes on a car automatically
• Detect intruders in a burglar alarm system
• Count people entering/leaving a building
Pressure Sensor
• Detect intruders in a burglar alarm system
• Weigh things (e.g. check the weight of a vehicle)
• Monitor/Control a process where gas pressure is important
Acoustic/sound Sensor
• Pick up noise level (e.g. footsteps) in a burglar alarm system
• Detect the noise of liquids dripping in a pipe
Gas Sensor
• Monitor pollution levels in a river or in the air
• Measure O2 or CO2 levels in a greenhouse
• Check for CO2 leaks in a power station
pH Sensor
• Monitor/control acidity/alkalinity levels in the soil in a
greenhouse
• Pollution/environmental monitoring in rivers
1.3.2 Sensors
1.3.3/1.3.4 Working of CPU
• What are computer components?

Input CPU Output

ROM Memory RAM

Hardware Storage Software

Functions of CPU:
Functions of cpu
Functions of CPU
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer, it
is the central part to which all units are linked. It consists of
the two typical components:

1. Control Unit (CU)

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Functions of CPU
• Control Unit (CU):
• It is most important part of CPU.
• It controls all the activities performed by system unit.
• It does not carry out the instructions itself, but directs
the other parts of the computer to carry out the
commands.
• CU require small amount of temporary storage to
work.
• CU gets instructions from RAM and stores it in an
instruction register and moves it to one of the ALU
registers.
Functions of CPU
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
• This is where all the logical and mathematical functions are
performed. The basic functions are addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
• Logic functions are the comparison between two pieces of data.
• It performs the basic function on data reciived from the primary
storage based on the instruction from the control unit.
1.3.5/1.3.6/1.3.7/1.3.8
Memory/Storage
Link
1.3.9 - Output
Devices
Link
1.3.10 - Ports
Ports
• A port can be defined as a socket that enables an external
device such as a printer to be attached to the computer.
• All communication between a computer and external devices
is the result of properly connected ports.
• Three basic types of ports:
• Serial Port
• Parallel Port
• USB (Universal Serial Bus)
ports
• Serial Ports:
• A port or interface that can be used for serial communication, in
which only 1 bit is transmitted at a time, is called serial port.
• Also called male connector, has 9 or 25 pins.
• Older serial ports used 25pin connectors, but most new
computers with serial ports features only 9 pins.
• Can be used for almost any type of device, including modems,
mouse, and printers (although most printers are connected to a
parallel port).
• Serial ports are often referred to as communications (COM) ports
Ports
• Parallel Ports:
 A socket on a computer for transmitting data in parallel, which
means more than one bit at a time, is called parallel port.
 Also called female connector, has 25 holes and the cable that plugs
into it has 25 pins.
 Used to connect drives, CD-ROMs, extra hard disks and most of the
printers.
 Parallel ports are often referred to as Line Printer ports (LPT).
 Longest port, comprising 25 lines, includes 17 signal lines and 8
ground lines.
Ports
• USB Ports:
• Is a plug-and-play hardware interface for peripherals such as
the keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, printer and modem.
SLO:1.5
Computer Software
By: Ms. Alefya Murtaza
Introduction - Software
• A computer is an electronic machine that can process data. But it
needs to be told what to do in the form of a set of instructions. These
instructions are called a 'software program'.
• Purpose:
• Software allows the hardware to do something useful; 
without software, the hardware wouldn't know what it was
supposed to do. So software depends on hardware and
hardware depends on software. Together they form a
computer system.
• Software programs are stored as files on a storage device such as the
hard disk, DVD or memory sticks. When they need to run, they are
loaded into the computer's memory (RAM).
System Software
Types Of Software
• Software can be classified into following two main categories
or types

1. System Software
2. Application Software
System Software
• A program or set of programs that is especially designed to
control different operations of computer system is called
system software. It controls the working of different
components of the computer. The system also enables the
other application programs to execute properly.
• System software falls into following categories:
1. Operating System
2. Language Translators
• Operating system is the main and most popular type of system
software.
Chapter - 2
Basics of Operating System
2.1 Introduction of Operating System:

2.1.1 Define Operating System:

• The operating system is a set of computer programs, which
controls the operations of computer hardware. It also
supports software development of a user by acting as an
interface between the application program and the hardware.
• It usually resides on a disk. After a computer system is started,
or “booted up”, portions of the operating system are
transferred to memories as they are needed.
2.2 Types of Operating
Systems
• Depending upon the working, the Operating Systems are
divided into the following main types:
• Batch Processing Operating Systems
• Real-Time Operating Systems
• Single User Operating Systems
• Multi-User Time Sharing Operating Systems
• Network Operating Systems
Operating Systems -
Activities
• Some of the activities of an operating system are as follows:
• Performing common hardware functions:
• Providing a user interface
• Providing a degree of hardware independence
• Managing system memory
• Managing processing tasks
• Providing network capability
• Controlling access to system resources
• Managing files
2.3 User Interface
• User interface
• A function of the operating system that allows individuals to access
and command the computer
• Command-based user interface
• A particular user interface that requires text commands be given to
the computer to perform basic activities
• E.g., Unix, DOS
• Graphical user interface (GUI)
• A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and menus displayed on
the screen to send commands to the computer system
• E.g. Windows, MAC OS
Operating System-Functions:
Perform common computer hardware functions
Provide a user interface
Provide a degree of hardware independence
Manage system memory
Manage processing tasks
Provide networking capability
Control access to system resources
Manage files
Language Translators
• When computers execute programs written in high-level languages such as
COBOL, FORTRAN, or C, the computer must convert these human-readable
instructions into a form that it can understand.

• Compiler: System software includes special language translators that

translate high-level language into machine language.

High-Level Language Machine Language

Program COMPILER Program
(Source Code) (Source Code)
• Interpreter: Some programming language such as BASIC do not use a
compiler but an interpreter, which translates one statement at a time into
machine code, as the computer executes the program.
Language Translators
• Source Code: The program in the high-level language
before translation is called source code.

• Object Code: Compiler translates source code into a

language called object code. When a computer
executes a program, it really executes the object code.
Application Software
Application Software
• A program or set of programs that are especially designed to
solve the specific problems of users, are called application
software. It is also known as software package.
• There are Different kinds of application software such as
commercial software, scientific software, financial packages,
games, multimedia software.
• The Application software is divided into two main categories
     1- Special Purpose/Custom-built Application software
     2- General Purpose/Packaged Application Software
Categories of Application
software
• Special Purpose/Custom-built software:
• The software that is developed for a particular customer or organization is
called custom-built software. It is also known as customized software. For
example, software developed to  maintain the records of students of a
particular collage is an example of custom-built software.
• General Purpose/Packaged Software:
• The software that is developed for sale to the general public is called
packaged software. Packaged software is  used to solve some common
problem of many people or users.
• Some examples:
    1- Word processor such as MS-Word
    2- Spreadsheet such as MS-Excel
    3- Database software such as MS-Access
    4- Graphic software such as Adobe Photoshop and CorelDraw
    5- Communication Software such as Internet Explorer
General Purpose/Packaged
Software
• Word processing applications for creating documents that are
attractively formatted.
• Spreadsheet applications for creating documents to manage and
organize numerical data
• Presentation applications for making slide shows
• Graphics applications for creating pictures
• Database applications for developing databases that can organize
and retrieve large amounts of information
• Communications programs like e-mail and faxing software for
sending and receiving messages
• Multimedia applications for creating video and music
• Utilities for performing a variety of tasks that maintain or enhance
Relation between Software, Hardware and User

User’

Application Hardware System Software

Software
Open Source, Shareware and Freeware
Software
Open Source Software
- It is computer software that is available in the form of source
code that allows users to study, change and improve it.
- Open source software is free for use, modifcation and
distribution.
- Examples of open source software are Linux operating system,
Open Office (office productivity software), Flight Gear (flight
simulator and Java programming language, etc.
Shareware
• Shareware is distributed free of cost for a limited period,
usually one or two months.
• It is trial version of software given to people to decide
whether they would like to buy the full version of the
software.
• Some shareware installed on new computers when they are
sold.
• Examples: Antivirus, Games etc.
Freeware
• Freeware is given free of cost and it is full version of software
for an unlimited period of time.
• It may have some restrictions such as allowed for personal or
academic use only.
• Examples: Google Chrome, Firefox, VLC Media player etc.