Computer Science

Computer
Network
 Computer Network
A computer network is a set of nodes like computers
and networking devices that are connected through
communication
The purpose of for
communication and sharing
resources(hardware/software) among the users.
Networks are used to:
(Benefits of computer network)
• Facilitate communication through email / video conferencing /
instant messaging or any other mode.
• Share hardware devices like a printer or scanner
• Enable file sharing
• Share information
Disadvantages of computer network
Lack of robustness, security issue, cost of network
 Evolution of
networking
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork): In 1969, The US govt.
formed an agency named ARPANET to connect computers at various universities and
defense agencies. The main objective of ARPANET was to develop a network that could
continue to function efficiently even in the event of a nuclear attack.

The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated,

evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1985
to 1995 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States

Internet (INTERconnection NETwork): The Internet is a worldwide network

of computer networks. It is notowned by anybody. The internet has evolved
from ARPANET. Following services are instantly available through internet:
Email, Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services, Online movies and gaming ,
Data transfer/file-sharing, Instant messaging , Internet forums , Social networking ,
Online shopping ,Financial services
 Data Communication
Terminologies
Communication means means of sending or receiving information,
such as phone lines or computers.
Components of communications sender, receiver,
message, communication media, protocols
 Data Communication
terminologies
Communication Channel (Transmission media): A communication channel is either a physical
transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium
such as a radio channel in telecommunications and computer networking.

Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another.it is a
measure of the range of frequencies a transmitted signal occupies. In digital systems,
bandwidth is the data speed in bits per second. In analog systems, bandwidth is measured in
terms of the difference between the highest-frequency signal component and the lowest-
frequency signal component.

Data transfer rate: DTR is the amount of data in digital form that is moved from one place to
another in a given time on a network. Data rates are often measured in megabits (million bits)
or megabytes (millionbytes) per second.
Difference between Circuit switching and Packet
switching
 Transmission media
Wired Networks - It is also known as Ethernet networks, that is most common type of LAN technology. A
wired network is simply a collection of two or more computers, printers, and other devices linked by
Ethernet cables/ any form of wired media. Ethernet is the fastest wired network protocol, with connection
speeds of 10 megabits per second (Mbps) to 100 Mbps or higher.

Cable Twisted pair Coaxial cable Fiber optic

Signal form electricity electricity Light
cost least moderate High
speed low moderate High
Ease of use Easy to install Professional installation Professional installation

reliability low moderate High

Real life application Telephone Tv cable Data transmission &
network telephone line
Data transmission rate 10Mbps – bps 100Mbps >100Gbps
Data transfer range 100m 185m - 500m -
image
 Transmission media
Wireless Networks – It uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to
communicate. Wireless allows for devices to be shared without networking cable
which increases mobility but decreases range.

Infrared Wave Transmission - Short Range Communication: Infrared waves can

travel from a few centimetres to several meters.(Approx. 5m ). Line of Sight
Propagation:Infrared uses point to point communication, both transmitter and
receiver should be placed in line of sight of each other and there should not be
any obstacle in between.

Radio Wave Transmission:- Long Range Communication : Radio waves can cover
distances ranging from a few meters (in walkie-talkies) up to covering an entire
city. Omni directional: Radio waves are propagated in all directions. Therefore
sending and receiving antennas do not have to be aligned.
 Transmission media
Microwave radio, a form of radio transmission that use. Ultra-high frequencies. It is a point-
to-point, rather than a broadcast, transmission system. Additionally, each antenna must be
within line of sight of the next antenna.

Satellite Communication It provide worldwide coverage independent to population

density.Satellite ommunication Systems offer telecommunication (Satellite Phones),
positioning and navigation (GPS), broadcasting, internet, Mobile, TV, etc.

It support Very Long Range Communication with Line of Sight Propagation . It Cannot
Penetrate Solid Objects.It is Very Expensive communication mode.
 Network devices

Computer hardware devices which are used to connect

computers, printers, or any other electronic device to a
computer network are called network devices. These
devices transfer data in a fast, secure and correct way
with some specific functionality over same or different
networks.

Some devices are installed on the device, like Internal

modem, NIC card or RJ45 connector, whereas some are
part of the network, like router, switch, etc.
 Network devices
NIC – This is at top among other networking devices and mostly used networking device.
This is also known as network adapter card, Ethernet Card and LAN card. It allows our PC to
communicate with other PCs. A NIC converts parallel data stream into serial data stream
and vice versa.

RJ-45 (Registered Jack – 45) is an eight wired connector that is used to connect
computers on a local area network (LAN), especially Ethernet.
 Network devices
HUB – HUB is used to connect multiple computers in a single LAN network of one
workgroup. Generally HUBs are available with 4,8,12,24,48 ports.
There are two types of HUB
Passive HUB:- It only forwards the signal on
all ports without amplifying the signal.
Active HUB:- it forwards the signal with
improvement in the quality of data signal
by amplifying it. That why such hubs need
additional power supply.
Based on port type, there are two types of
HUB:-
Ethernet HUB :- All ports have RJ-45
connectors.
Combo HUB :- Several different types of
connectors such RJ-45, BNC, and AUI
available as ports in such HUB.
 Network devices
SWITCH –Switch is also used to connect multiple computers together in a LAN
workgroup,just like hub. Switches are available with 4,8,12,24,48,64 ports. Switch makes
their switching decisions by using application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
 Network devices

Modem – Modem is short for Modulator Demodulator. It’s an

electronic device used to access the Internet that modulates carrier
waves to encode information to be transmitted and also
demodulates incoming carrier waves to decode the information they
carry.Modulation means digital to analog signal conversion and its
vice versa is known as demodulation.
 Network devices
Repeater – In a network signal travels a long distance in transmission
media. Due to resistance of media signal becomes weak. Repeater is
a networking device which regenerates the signal and forwards
these signal with more power.
 Network devices
Router – Routers operate in the physical, data link and
network layers. Router is a networking device which
chooses the best optimal path from available pats to send
the signals. It interconnects different networks.

Gateway – A networking device capable to convert

protocols so that two different network architecture based
system can communicate with each other.It works as
protocol convertor.
 Network devices
Wi-Fi cards - are small and portable cards that allow your
computer to connect to the internet through a wireless network. Wi-
Fi transmission is through the radio waves, these signals are picked
up by Wi-Fi receivers such as computers and cell phones equipped
with Wi-Fi cards. The devices need to be within the range of a Wi-Fi
network to receive the signals and produces a wireless internet
connection. Once a connection is established between userand the
network, the user is prompted with a login screen and password for
establishing is a secure connection.
 Computer Network

Structure of a network- The geometrical arrangement of computer

resources, network devices along with communication channel is
known as Network structure or Network topology.
Topology can be physical or logical
• Physical Topology-physical layout of nodes and cables in the network.
• Logical topology - the way information flows between different components.
Types of Physical Network Topologies
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology
 Computer Network

Bus Topology
Nodes are connected through a common communication media
like diagram given benloode w.
Communication media

ode

Advantages of a Bus topology

• Easy to install
• Minimal Cable
Disadvantages of a Bus topology
• Difficult reconnection
• Difficult to find the problem
• Difficult to add new devices
• Break stops all transmission of data
 Computer Network

Star Topology
The star topology uses a separate cable for each
node/workstation.The cable connects the node to a central
device typically a HUB.
Advantages of a Star topology node
node

• Less expensive than mesh

• Easy to install, easy to configure
• If one link fails the network can still
Hub/
switch

function node
node

Disadvantages of a Star topology

• Everything depends on the hub node
 Computer Network

Tree Topology
In which a central root node (the top level of the hierarchy) is
connected to one or more other nodes that are one level
lower
in the hierarchy node

Advantages of a Mesh topology

• It is scalable.
• Easier fault identification and isolation. node
node
Disadvantages of a Mesh topology
• Maintenance of the network may be an issue
when the network spans a great area. node node

• if the backbone fails, the entire network is

crippled.
 Computer Network

Types of network
1. Personal Area Network (PAN) – communication between two-
three mobile devices or PC for personal purpose.
2. Local Area Network (LAN) – limited area (within building)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – within city
4. Wide Area Network (WAN) – within multiple city/
state/
countries
 Computer Network

1. Personal Area Network(PAN) –

Spread in the proximity of an individual. Cover an area of a few
meters radius. Set up using guided media(USB cable)
or unguided media (Bluetooth, Infrared). Owned, controlled,
and managed by a single person.
Examples: A network of devices such as computer, Phone,
MP3/MP4 Player, Camera etc. Transferring songs from one cell
phone to another is a PAN of two phones.
 Computer Network

2. Local Area Network (LAN) – LANs are the most frequently

used/discussed networks.It is one of the most common one of
the simplest types of network.It is designed for small physical
areas such as an office, group of buildings.Any of different types
of topologies can be used to design LAN like Star, Ring, Bus, Tree
etc.
Characteristics of LAN
• private networks means no need of regulatory control.
• Operate at relatively high speed.
• Connects computers in a single building, block or campus.
 Computer Network

Advantages of LAN Examples: A networked

• Resource Sharing office building, school or
• Software Applications Sharing home. Sometimes one
• Easy and Cheap Communication building can contain a few
• Centralized Data small LANs (Like some
• Data Security schools have independent
•Internet Sharing LANs in each
Disadvantages of LAN computer lab.).
• High Setup Cost
• Privacy Violations
• Data Security
Threat
• LAN Maintenance
Job
 Computer Network

3. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN):– Spread within a city .

Cover an area of a few kilometres to a few hundred kilometres
radius. Set up using all types of all guided and unguided media.
Owned and operated by a government body or a large
corporation.

Examples: A network of schools, or banks, or Government

offices etc. within a city. A MAN is usually formed by
interconnecting a number of LANs and individual computers.
 Computer Network

4. Wide Area Network (WAN) –Slightly more complex than a

LAN, a WAN connects computers across longer physical
distances. The Internet is the most basic example of a WAN,
connecting all computers together around the world. Because of
a WAN’s vast reach, it is typically owned and maintained by any
single person or owner.
Characteristics of WAN
• Covers large distances(states, countries, continents).
• Communication medium like satellite, public telephone
networks etc and routers are used establish connection.
Examples: A network of ATMs, BANKs, National Government
Offices, International Organizations' Offices etc., spread over a
country, continent, or covering many continents.
 Computer Network

Advantages of WAN
• Long distance business can connect on the one network.
• Shares software and resources
• Messages can be sent very quickly to wide range of nodes
•Hardware devices can be shared.
Disadvantages of WAN
• Need a good firewall to restrict
unauthorized access
• Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow and
complicated.
• Maintaining a network is a full-time job
• Security is a mazor issue when many different people have
the ability to use information
 Computer Network

Network Layout –
The plan or design or arrangement of network wings and nodes
to be laid out is known as network layout.

A good network layout provides the following features

 Communication speed
 File sharing
 Back up and Roll back is easy
 Software and Hardware sharing
 Security
 Scalability
 Reliability

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 Computer Network

How to decide Network Layout –

The network layout can be best which provide

less installation and maintenance cost as well as
easy installation and maintenance. It is only
possible when it is properly designed, design
with shortest cable length and fulfill our
network requirements.

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 Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout – Example
Freya Tech Corporation (FTC) is a professional consultancy company. The
company is planning to set up their new offices in India with its hub at
Udaipur. As a network adviser, you have to understand their requirement and
suggest them the best network layout.

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 Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout – Example

-> Possible bus topologies

a) Human Resource -> -> Finance = 110+80 =190m
Conference
b) Conference -> Finance -> Human Resource = 80+40
=120m
c) Finance -> Human Resource -> Conference
All can be arranged in round robin manner = 40+110=150m
Ring topology will be discarded as it will increase the cable length
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 Computer Network
How to decide Network Layout – Example

-> Possible Star topologies

 Here best layout is
a) Human Resource = 110+40 =150m b) finance to
conferece
Conference Finance and
finance to
b) = 80+40 =120m Human resourse
Finance
as it require
Conference Human Resource minimum cable
length
Conference Tree topology will
c) = 80+110=190 m be also same due to
Finance Human Resource only three blocks
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 Computer Network
How to decide Server location– Example

Server location can be decided by seeing the number of

computers/nodes required in each block of network.
Server must be installed at the wing/block with Maximum
number of Computers due to maximum load/requirement
of services in that block in whole network .So in above
example Server can be installed at Finance block.
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 Computer Network
How to decide Repeater location
 We need a repeater when the total length of a single span of
network cable(Twisted pair) exceeds 100 meters (328 feet).
 We need a repeater when the total length of a single span of
network cable(Coaxial cable) exceeds 500 meters.
 maximum distance of a fiber optic link can be 80-100 km but it
depends on varying factors like the bit rate and the quality of the
splices and the total attenuation of distance. It also depends on
the power of the transmitter and receiver quality.
Satellite link is required when network blocks/wings are too much
far from each other or where installation of cable is hard.
For data security firewall can be installed in network.
For economic internet connection – dialup internet connection
would be preferred but for faster internet broadband internet
connection would be preferred.
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 Computer Network

How to decide hub/switch location

The answer is always switch when we can afford it. A Hub
is always half-duplex, and simply acts as a repeater. The
resulting packet collisions, even with only 2 devices, will
make it slower than simply using a cable, whereas a switch
intelligently directs traffic based on the Ethernet
address(MAC address), and is full duplex, resulting in full
speed between any devices on the network at the same
time.
In general sense Hub or switch any device can be installed
when there are more than one computer in a wing/block.

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 Network Protocols

Network protocols are sets of rules and regulations that

dictate how to format, transmit and receive data on
computer network devices – like servers, routers to
endpoints can communicate regardless of the
differences in their infrastructures, designs or
standards.
To successfully send or receive information,
network devices must accept and follow protocol
conventions .
 Network Protocols
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)- also referred to as
the Internet Protocol Suite, is the World Wide Web's core communication
system which enables every Internet-based device to communicate with every
other such devices simultaneously
.
An IP address is the unique numerical address of a device in a computer
network that uses Internet Protocol for communication.

Static IP Addresses-usually never change but they may be changed as a result

of network administration.

Dynamic IP Addresses-These IP addresses are temporary and assigned to a

computer when they get connected to the Internet each time
Two most used ip versions are ipv4 and ipv6.
 Network Protocols

TCP/IP and Higher-Level Applications - Many higher-level

apps that ecommerce businesses need to be familiar
with utilize and/or are built on TCP/IP.
• FTP (the Internet's File Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP (the Internet's Hyper-text Transfer Protocol)
• Telnet, which enables logging on computers from
remote locations
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
 Network Protocols

FTP – FTP, or File Transfer Protocol, is one of the standard internet protocols used to transfer data files
between a client(FTP client) and a server(FTP server) over a computer network. It was developed in the
early 1970s by Abhay Bhushan (alumni IIT Kanpur),while he was a student at MIT. FTP was initially created
to allow for the secure transfer of files between servers and host computers over the ARPANET Network
Control Program (a precursor to the modern internet).
 Network Protocols
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is an open standard protocol that is mostly used
to provide connections over point-to-point serial links. The main purpose of PPP is to transport
Layer 3 packets over a Data Link layer point-to-point link. PPP can be configured on:

Asynchronous serial connection like Plain old telephone service (POTS) dial-up

Synchronous serial connection like Integrated Services for Digital Network (ISDN) or point-to-
point leased lines.

PPP consists of two sub-protocols:Link Control Protocol (LCP): set up and negotiate control
options on the Data Link Layer (OSI Layer 2). After finishing setting up the link, it uses NCP.
Network control Protocol (NCP): negotiate optional configuration parameters and facilitate for
the Network Layer (OSI Layer 3).
 Network Protocols

HTTP - HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol and is used to transfer data across
the
Web. It allow users of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on web pages.
When accessing any web page entering http:// in front of the address tells the browser to
communicate over HTTP.

This diagram shows the working

of http protocol. Working with
the server and working with
web Server both.
 Network Protocol

HTTPS(Hyper text transfer protocol secure) - helps prevent intruders

from tampering with the communications between your websites and
your users' browsers. It scramble the messages using that "code" so
that no one in between can read the message. It keeps our
information safe from hackers.
Essentially, we need three things to encrypt data:
• The data to be sent/encrypted
• A unique encryption key
• An encryption algorithm (a math function that garbles the data)
 Email Protocols

Email –Electronic mail is a facility that allows users to transmit messages across the
internet in fast and secure manner.

Email created using email client program->on press of send button ,it is delivered to
sender’s mail server through SMTP(Simple mail transfer protocol)->which further
transmit the same through internet to recipient’s mail server->whenever recipient’s
email client program’s inbox is opened,that email is delivered to inbox through.
 Email Protocols

SMTP – Most of the internet systems use SMTP as a method to transfer mail from one user to another.
SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send the mail to email server. it is usually used with one of two
other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them
periodically from the

The SMTP model is of two type :

• End-to- end method
• Store-and- forward method
The end to end model is used to communicate between different organizations whereas the store and
forward method is used within an organization.
 Email Protocols

POP3 – Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard

mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server
to a local email client. POP3 allows us to download email
messages on our local computer and read them even when
we are offline. Note, that when we use POP3 to connect to
our email account, messages are downloaded locally and
removed from the email server.
 Protocols for chat
& video conferencing
VOIP – Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows us to make voice
calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.
VoIP services convert our voice into a digital signal that travels over the Internet. If we are
calling a regular phone number, the signal is converted to a regular telephone signal before it
reaches the destination.
Advantages:
• Less Cost
• Accessibility
• Flexibility
• Voice Quality
•Extra/Less Expensive Features
Disadvantages:
• Reliable Internet Connection
Required
• Power Outages/Emergencies
• Latency
 Web services

Web service - is a standardized medium,protocol or language to propagate

communication between the client and server applications on the World
Wide Web. A web service is a software module that is designed to
perform a certain set of tasks.

Web services are invoked by the user directly or indirectly to provide

services to the program/software which is being used as a part of
WWW.User may be unaware about such web services.

The web services can be searched for over the network and can also be
invoked accordingly.
 Web services

Many people think that the internet and the world wide web (WWW) are
the same thing. While they are closely linked, they are very different
systems.
The internet is a huge network of computers all connected together. The
world wide web (‘www’ or ‘web’ for short) is a collection of webpages
found on this network of computers. Our web browser uses the internet
to access the web.
The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of
interactive multimedia resources.
World Wide Web was created by Timothy Berners Lee in 1989 at CERN in
Geneva. World Wide Web came into existence as a proposal by him, to
allow researchers to work together effectively and efficiently at CERN.
Eventually it became World Wide Web.
 Web services

HTML – Hyper text markup language is a document design language not a

programming language. It provide various kinds of tags(commands) used to
define the structure and appearance of web page.
HTML was created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991 but was not released
officially, which was published in 1995 as HTML 2.0.
 Web services

Basic structure of HTML document –

<html>
<head>
<title>simple document</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>a simple paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
Save above content in text editor with .html extension and open it in web
browser to run it(tags).Generally/Most of the tags are written as part of <body>
tag.
List of HTML Tags
 Web services

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set

of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable
and machine-readable.
XML is Platform Independent and Language Independent: The main benefit
of xml is that we can use it to take data from a program like Microsoft SQL,
convert it into XML then share that XML with other programs and
platforms. You can communicate between two platforms which are
generally very difficult.
 Web services
Difference between HTML and XML
BASIS FOR
COMPARISO XML
HTML
N
Expands to Extensible Markup Language Hypertext Markup Language

Basic Provides a framework for markup HTML is predefined markup language.

Structural Information Provided Does not contain structural information

Language type Case sensitive Case insensitive

Purpose of the language Transfer of information Presentation of the data
Errors Not allowed Small errors can be ignored.

Whitespace Can be preserved. Does not preserve white spaces.

Closing tags Compulsory to use closing tags. Closing tags are optional.
Nesting Must be properly done. Not much valuable.
 Web services
How to Prepare XML Document
In order to prepare XML Document system, you may
do the following steps-
 Prepare XML document file as per problem
XML document is divided into two part.
1. The Prolog :
Preface or Introduction to the XML document. It
includes An XML declaration, Comments etc.
2. The Data Instance :
It contains actual data.
 Prepare a style-sheet file for XML file
It contains style rules that tells a browser how
to display an XML document.
 Link the XML file with Style sheet
 Web services
DNS –The Domain Name System, translates human readable domain
names (for example, www.python.mykvs.in) to machine readable IP
addresses (for example, 182.156.84.26). ... DNS servers translate requests
for names into IP addresses.

Requestwww.google.com
Response 182.156.84.26

L
o
c
a
l

D
N
S

s
e
 Web services

URL –Uniform Resource Locator is defined as the global address of

documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. The URL is
an address that sends users to a specific resource online, such as a
webpage, video or other document or resource.
e.g.
http://python.mysite.in/syllabus/cs12.pdf

protocol subdomain domain name path

 Web services
Web page - A html document which can be displayed in a web
browser.`
Website - A collection of web pages which are grouped together
and usually connected together in various ways. Often called a
"web site" or simply a "site.“
Web browser – A software which interpret html document and
display them in human readable form is known as web browser.
E.g. Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Microsoft Internet Explorer or
Edge, or Apple's Safari. These are also often called just "pages.“
Web server – A software which host website and return web pages
to web client(web browser) on request. E.g. Apache
Tomcat, Microsoft’s Internet Information Services (IIS)
WindowsServer , Nginx web server , Jigsaw , Zeus web server
 Web services

Domain Name-Domain name is the address of your website that

people type in the browser’s URL bar to visit your website.

Web hosting - Web hosting is the place where all the files of your
website live. It is like the home of our website where it actually
lives.
A good way to think about this is if the domain name is the address
of our house, then web hosting is the actual house that address
points to. All websites on the internet, need web hosting.
 Web services

There are four main types of web hosting:

• Shared hosting – share by multiple domains/web sites.
• VPS (virtual private server) hosting - The main server is split into
multiple virtual servers—hence the name. These virtual servers
can be customized by individual websites.
• Dedicated hosting - Websites being hosted on a dedicated server
have complete technical control over the server settings. We
choose the software, configurations, and anything else we need.
• Cloud hosting - Cloud hosting plans come with multiple remote
servers. Each server has different responsibilities. If one of the
servers is compromised or has a problem, the other servers on the
network will take over those responsibilities and pick up the slack.
• Reseller hosting and WordPress hosting are also specific types of
hosting
Thank you