Integration by

Parts
Recap
Integration is the inverse operation
to differentiation. Denote the integral
of function f(x) with respect to x by

integrand
Integrate
with respect

 
to x

 f x dx
The derivative of any constant is 0
so cannot know which constant
might be included in the output

 f  x  dx
Every indefinite integral therefore
contains an arbitrary constant of
integration

 f  x  dx
 f(x)
a
ax + c
f(x) dx

n +1
xn x + c ,n  1
1 n + 1
 x 1 lnx + c
x
sinx −cosx + c

cosx sinx + c

ex ex + c

Table of indefinite integrals of

standard functions
 Function Integral
a ax + c
ax  b 
n1

(ax + b)n c
a n  1
1 1
ax  b  ln ax  b   c
1

ax  b a
1
sin(ax + b)  cos ax  b   c
a
1
cos(ax + b) sin ax  b   c
a
1 ax  b
eax + b e c
a

Table of indefinite integrals of

standard functions of (ax + b)
 Function Integral
a ax + c
ax  b 
n1

(ax + b)n c
a n  1
1 1
ax  b  ln ax  b   c
1

ax  b a
1
sin(ax + b)  cos ax  b   c
a
1
Remember, cos(ax + b) sin ax  b   c
a
for trig eax + b 1 ax  b
e c
a
functions use
radians

Table of integrals of standard

functions of (ax + b)
Since integration is the inverse
operation to differentiation, can
integrate term by term

Locate the appropriate row in the

table and apply the rule
Include ONLY one constant of
integration for the integration
process, no matter how many terms

Sum/difference/scalar
multiple/function of constants is just
another constant
 Definite integral
integrand
Integrate
with
b


respect to x

f  x  dx
a from limit x = a
to limit x = b
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If
 f  x  dx  F  x   c
b
then
 a
f  x  dx  F b   F a 

VERY difficult to prove

First obtain the indefinite integral,
F(x) + c, as usual

Layout
b


b
f  x  dx  F  x   c 
a
a
 ...and then subtract
b


b
f  x  dx  F  x   c 
a
a

 F b   c   F a   c 
 F b   F  a 
Arbitrary constant c
cancels
Can we integrate products, quotients
or composition of functions?

There is NO general product, quotient

or chain rule for integration

We CAN make progress if the

functions is constructed in particular
ways
 Product rule
d
dx
 f  x   g  x   f  x  g  x   f   x  g  x 

Work backwards by integrating – the

arbitrary constant is hidden in the
integrals

f x  gx 
 f  x  g  x  dx 
 f   x  g  x  dx
 f x   gx 
 f  x  g  x  dx 
 f   x  g  x  dx

Rearrange

 f  x  g  x  dx  f  x  g  x  
 f   x  g  x  dx

This is known as integration by parts

 Product rule
D uv   uDv  vDu

Integration by parts

 uDv  uv 
 vDu
Application of integration by parts
involves differentiating one factor
and integrating the other

 uDv  uv 
 vDu

This is ONLY useful if the new

integral is a simplification (or
sometimes something no harder)
Can show the parts formula in a
table

 uDv  uv 
 vDu

Differentiate Integrate Sign

u Dv +
Du v –
+
 First term is given by the product
along the diagonal (including its sign)

 uDv  uv 
 vDu

Differentiate Integrate Sign

u Dv +
Du v –
+
Integrand in the second term is given
by the product along the last
complete row (including its sign)

 uDv  uv 
 vDu

Differentiate Integrate Sign

u Dv +
Du v –
+
Purpose of the last column is to take
care of signs

 uDv  uv 
 vDu

Differentiate Integrate Sign

u Dv +
Du v –
+
Example 1
 2xe x dx

Which factor should go

in the differentiate
column?

Differentiate Integrate Sign

+
–
+
 2xe x dx

Can integrate both

factors so no clue there

Differentiate Integrate Sign

+
–
+
 2xe x dx

Factor 2x gets simpler

when we differentiate

Differentiate Integrate Sign

+
–
+
 2xe x dx

Factor 2x gets simpler

when we differentiate

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x +
–
+
 2xe x dx

Factor 2x gets simpler

when we differentiate

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x +
2 –
+
 2xe x dx

Other factor goes in the

integrate column

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 –
+
 2xe x dx

Other factor goes in the

integrate column

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 –
+
 2xe x dx

Other factor goes in the

integrate column

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
+
 2xe x dx

First term from this

process is the product
along the diagonal

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
+
 2xe x dx  2xe x  ...

This is positive as three

positives multiply to
give a positive

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
+
 2xe x dx  2xe x  ...

Second term is an
integral, the integrand
being the product along
the last complete row

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
+
 2xe x dx  2xe x 
 2e x dx

This is negative:
positive × positive ×
negative = negative

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
+
 2xe x dx  2xe x 
 2e x dx

Can now obtain this

final integral

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
+
 2xe x dx  2xe x 
 2e x dx

 2xe x  2e x  c
 2xe x dx

Since the differentiate column

contains a positive integer
power, can carry out the whole
process in one table

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
+
 2xe x dx
Since the differentiate column
contains a positive integer
power, can carry out the whole
process in the table – add rows
to get to 0 in this column

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
+
 2xe x dx

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
0 +
 2xe x dx

Do not forget the extra sign

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
0 ex +
–
 2xe x dx

Each diagonal is a term in the

answer

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
0 ex +
–
 2xe x dx

The last term is the final integral,

given from the last complete row

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
0 ex +
–
 2xe x dx  2xe x  ...

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
0 ex +
–
 2xe x dx  2xe x  2e x  ...

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
0 ex +
–
 2xe x dx  2xe x  2e x 
 0 dx

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
0 ex +
–
 2xe x dx  2xe x  2e x  c

Differentiate Integrate Sign

2x ex +
2 ex –
0 ex +
–
Example 2
 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt

Can integrate
either factor… … but can
differentiate t2
repeatedly to get
zero
 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
2
0

12 could be associated with the

first factor but is more useful
here in the integrate column
 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
12cos2t
6sin2t
2 –3cos2t
0 3
 sin 2 t
2

Reduces the need for fractions

 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
12cos2t
6sin2t
+
–
2 –3cos2t +
0 3 –
 sin 2 t
2
+

Always need one extra sign…

 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
12cos2t
6sin2t
+
–
2 –3cos2t +
0 3 –
 sin 2 t
2
+

Three terms in the

answer, from the three
diagonals
 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
12cos2t
6sin2t
+
–
2 –3cos2t +
0 3 –
 sin 2 t
2
+

Final integral has integrand 0

(the product along the last
complete row)
 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
12cos2t
6sin2t
+
–
2 –3cos2t +
0 3 –
 sin 2 t
2
+

Final integral has integrand 0

(the product along the last
complete row) and gives the
constant of integration
 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
12cos2t
6sin2t
+
–
 6t 2 sin2t 2 –3cos2t +
0 3 –
 sin 2 t
2
+
 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
12cos2t
6sin2t
+
–
 6t 2 sin 2t  6t cos 2t 2 –3cos2t +
0 3 –
 sin 2 t
2
+
 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
12cos2t
6sin2t
+
–
 6t 2 sin 2t  6t cos 2t 2 –3cos2t +
0 3 –
 3 sin 2t  sin 2t
2
+
 D I S

 12t 2 cos 2t dt t2
2t
12cos2t
6sin2t
+
–
 6t 2 sin 2t  6t cos 2t 2 –3cos2t +
0 3 –
 3 sin 2t  c  sin 2 t
2
+

Terminating integral gives the

constant of integration
Example 3
 D I S

 x ln3x dx ln3x

Factor ln3x does not have a

standard integral so this factor
must go in the differentiate
column
 D I S

 x ln3x dx ln3x

Cannot differentiate this to

zero, so proceed one
application of the procedure at
a time
 D I S

 x ln3x dx
3
ln3x
1

1
3x x
 D I S

 x ln3x dx
3
ln3x
1

1
√x = x½

3x x
 D I S

 x ln3x dx
3
ln3x
1

1
√x = x½

2x
3
2

3x x 3
 D I S

 x ln3x dx
3
ln3x
1

1
√x = x½

2x
3
2
+

–
3x x 3
+
 D I S

 x ln3x dx ln3x
1
√x = x ½

2x
3
2
+

–
x 3
+

The final integrand can be

simplified using the laws of
indices
 D I S

 x ln3x dx ln3x
1
√x = x½

2x
3
2
+

3 –
2x 2 x 3
 ln3x
3 +
 D I S

 x ln3x dx ln3x
1
√x = x½

2x
3
2
+

3 1 –


2x 2 2x2 x 3
 ln3x  dx
3 3 +
 D I S

 x ln3x dx ln3x
1
√x = x½

2x
3
2
+

3 1 –


2x 2 2x2 x 3
 ln3x  dx
3 3 +

Should be easy – have already

done this integral
 x ln3x dx
3 1


2x 2 2x 2
 ln3x  dx
3 3
3 3
2x 2 4x 2
 ln3x  c
3 9
Note the following...
•If the factor in the differentiate column
can be differentiated to 0, then do so
provided you can use the integrate
column usefully
•Otherwise, proceed one step at a time
and consider if the generated integral
can be simplified/obtained
Should not need more than two steps in
the second case
Integration by parts also applies to
definite integrals

b b

 
b
uDv  uv  
a
vDu
a a
 4

1
x ln3x dx

4
 2x 3
2 4x  3
2
 ln3x  
 3 9 
 1
 9.41
Example 4
 1 D I S


0
e2x cos 3x  dx

Choose the
Can integrate cosine for no
either factor… specific
reason…
 1 D I S


0
e2x cos 3x  dx e2x
2e2x
cos 3x 
1
3
sin 3x 
+
–

4e2x 1 +
 cos 3x 
9

Remember: Should not need more

than two steps if the process cannot
terminate by a sequence of
differentiations
 1 D I S


0
e2x cos 3x  dx e2x
2e2x 1
3
cos 3x 
sin 3x 
+
–

1
4e2x  cos 3x  +
9
–

1 1

 2x  1 2x 
e cos 3x  dx   e sin 3 x   ...
0 3 0
 1 D I S


0
e2x cos 3x  dx e2x
2e2x
cos 3x 
1
3
sin 3x 
+
–

4e2x 1 +
 cos 3x 
9
–

1 1

 2x  1 2x 2 2x 
e cos 3x  dx   e sin 3x   e cos 3x   ..
0 3 9 0
 1 D I S


0
e2x cos 3x  dx e2x
2e2x
cos 3x 
1
3
sin 3x 
+
–
1
4e2x  cos 3x  +
9
–
1 1

 2x  1 2x 2 2x 
e cos 3x  dx   e sin 3x   e cos 3x 
0 3 9 0
1


4
 e2x cos 3x  dx
9 0
 1 D I S


0
e2x cos 3x  dx e2x
2e2x
cos 3x 
1
3
sin 3x 
+
–

4e2x 1 +
 cos 3x 
9
–

1 1


13 2x  1 2x 2 2x 
e cos 3x  dx   e sin 3x   e cos 3x 
9 0 3 9 0
 1 D I S


0
e2x cos 3x  dx e2x
2e2x
cos 3x 
1
3
sin 3x 
+
–

4e2x 1 +
 cos 3x 
9
–

1 1

 2x 9  1 2x 2 2x 
e cos 3x  dx    e sin 3x   e cos 3x 
0 13  3 9 0
 1.039
Centroid, the
sequel…
Consider a region R above the x-axis
bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and
the lines x = a and x = b

The centroid of the region R is “the mean

position” of all the points in it

The centroid is
denoted  x, y 
It is the same as centre of mass or centre of
gravity of a region of that shape with uniform
density
Consider a region R above the x-axis
bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and
the lines x = a and x = b

x co-ordinate of centroid
b

x
 a
xf  x  dx “First moment of area
about the y-axis divided
b by the area of the
 a
f  x  dx region”
Consider a region R above the x-axis
bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and
the lines x = a and x = b

y co-ordinate of centroid


1 “First moment of area
 f  x  dx
2
2 a about the x-axis divided
y b by the area of the
 a
f  x  dx region”
Example 5
Consider the region R bounded by the curve
y = e2x, the x and y-axes and the line x = 1

Notice you should be able to see without the

sketch that this region lies above the x-axis
Consider the region R bounded by the curve
y = e2x, the x and y-axes and the line x = 1

1 1

 2x  1 2x 
Area  e dx   e   3.1945
0 2 0
Consider the region R bounded by the curve
y = e2x, the x and y-axes and the line x = 1

First moment of area about the x-axis

1 1 1

 
1 1 1  1 4x 
e 
2
2x
dx  e 4x dx   4 e   6.6998
2 0 2 0 2  0

1 1

 2x  1 2x 
Area  e dx   e   3.1945
0 2 0

6.6998
y  2.10
3.1945
Consider the region R bounded by the curve
y = e2x, the x and y-axes and the line x = 1

First moment of area about the y-axis

1 1


1 1 
xe2x dx   xe2x  e2x   2.0973
0 2 4 0

Differentiate Integrate Sign

x e2x +
1 1/2e2x –
0 1/4e2x +
–
Consider the region R bounded by the curve
y = e2x, the x and y-axes and the line x = 1

First moment of area about the y-axis

1 1

 2x  1 2x 1 2x 
xe dx   xe  e   2.0973
0 2 4 0

1 1

 2x  1 2x 
Area  e dx   e   3.1945
0 2 0

2.0973
x  0.66
3.1945
Centroid

2.0973 6.6998
x  0.66 y  2.10
3.1945 3.1945

Centroid has co-ordinates (0.66, 2.10)

Consider the region R bounded by the curve
y = e2x, the x and y-axes and the line x = 1

(0.66, 2.10)
Centroid