Topic 4 - CS101

Networks and Internet

Computer Concepts 2014
Chapter Contents
• Section A: Network Classifications
• Section B: Switching and Addressing
• Section C: Network Topologies
• Section D: Internet Services
• Section E: Wireless Networks

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 Network Classification
WAN LAN
Wide Area Network Local Area Network

PAN
MAN Personal Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network

Large Geographical Area Limited Geographical Area

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4 NU : Fall 2020, CSCE101 - Computer and Information Skills
PAN (Personal Area Network):
What is PAN?
• The smallest network type is PAN (Personal Area Network). A
PAN is the network around a single person. It consists of smart
phones, laptops, tablets, wearable technology or any other
personal digital device.

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 LAN (Local Area Network): What is
LAN?
• LAN (Local Area Network) is a small type of
network used in houses, companies,
schools or any other small areas. These
types of networks are used for file sharing,
resource sharing, communication in a small
area. It is also used to share internet
connection in any place. For example, the
network in your company which you share
information or communicate with your
colleagues is a LAN.
• LANs covers mainly a building or a site. So,
it has a distance limitation. With these
characteristics, it is smaller than MAN and
WAN. In LANs, both copper and fiber optic
cables can be used. LANs are fast networks.
6 NU : Fall 2020, CSCE101 - Computer and Information Skills
 LAN

Adv: Communication & sharing

Disadv: Vulnerable to unauthorized access
& malicious code.
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MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network): What is MAN?
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is
another type of networks which is larger
than LAN and smaller than WAN. It covers
medium range areas, in other words
several miles. With this characteristic, a
MAN can cover a campus, a region or even
a city.
• In MANs, mainly fiber optic cables are
used. This is because the covered distance.
Fiber optic provides good performance for
these types of networks. Wireless
technology can be also sued for MANs.
• MANs are costly networks and it need
experienced network engineers for MAN
administration.
8 NU : Fall 2020, CSCE101 - Computer and Information Skills
WAN (Wide Area Network): What
is WAN?
• WAN (Wide Area Network) is
the largest network type used
in computer networks. It
covers large geographical
areas. WANs can also connect
other small and medium
networks like LANs and
MANs.
• Building a WAN is very costly.
It is also hard to manage a
Wide Area Network. It needs
expert network engineers for
building, maintenance and
troubleshooting.
• WANs are slower than MANs
and LANs. Because it covers a
very large geographical area.
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Switching

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Divides a message into packets that can be
Dedicated link between sender and receiver
routed independently to their destination
e.g.: Telephone Network e.g.: Internet

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 Addressing (MAC & IP)
Scope LAN WAN

Identifier Media Access Control (MAC)

Internet Protocol (IP) address
address

Dynamic IP Static IP
Assigned to NIC when
How it is assigned Assigned using DHCP (Dynamic Host Assigned by ISP
manufactured
Configuration Protocol)

IPv4: 32 bits (4 Bytes)

Length bits (6 Bytes) 48
IPv6: 128 bits (16 Bytes)

Example IPv4: 41.33.235.119

08:56:27:6f:2b:9c
IPv6: FE80:0000:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

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Network Topologies
• Physical arrangement of devices on a network

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 Bus topology
Bus topology uses a single cable which connects all the included nodes. The main cable acts as a
spine for the entire network. One of the computers in the network acts as the computer server.
When it has two endpoints, it is known as a linear bus topology.

Advantages:
Here are pros/benefits of using a bus topology:
•Cost of the cable is very less as compared to other topology, so it is widely used to build small
networks.
•Famous for LAN network because they are inexpensive and easy to install.
•It is widely used when a network installation is small, simple, or temporary.
•It is one of the passive topologies. So computers on the bus only listen for data being sent, that are
not responsible for moving the data from one computer to others.

Disadvantages:
Here are the cons/drawbacks of bus topology:
•In case if the common cable fails, then the entire system will crash down.
•When network traffic is heavy, it develops collisions in the network.
•Whenever network traffic is heavy, or nodes are too many, the performance time of the network
significantly decreases.
•Cables are always of a limited length.
 Ring topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighboring devices for communication
purpose. It is called a ring topology as its formation is like a ring. In this topology, every
computer is connected to another computer. Here, the last node is combined with a first one.
This topology uses token to pass the information from one computer to another. In this
topology, all the messages travel through a ring in the same direction.
Advantages:
Here are pros/benefits of ring topology:
• Easy to install and reconfigure.
• Adding or deleting a device in-ring topology needs you to move only two connections.
• Offers equal access to all the computers of the networks
Disadvantages:
Here are drawbacks/cons of ring topology:
• Unidirectional traffic.
• Break in a single ring can risk the breaking of the entire network
• Failure of one computer can disturb the whole network.
• Modern high-speed LANs made this topology less popular.
• It is very difficult to troubleshoot the ring network.
• Adding or removing the computers can disturb the network activity.
 Star topology
In the star topology, all the computers connect with the help of a hub. This hub is
called a central node, and all other nodes are connected using this central node. It
is most popular on LAN networks as they are inexpensive and easy to install.
Advantages:
Here are pros/benefits of start topology:
• Easy to troubleshoot, set up, and modify.
• Only those nodes are affected, that has failed. Other nodes still work.
• Fast performance with few nodes and very low network traffic.
• In Star topology, addition, deletion, and moving of the devices are easy.
Disadvantages:
Here are cons/drawbacks of using Star:
• If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are disabled.
• Cost of installation of star topology is costly.
• Heavy network traffic can sometimes slow the hub considerably.
• Performance depends on the hub’s capacity
 Mesh topology

The mesh topology has a unique network design in which each computer on the network
connects to every other. It is develops a P2P (point-to-point) connection between all the
devices of the network. It offers a high level of redundancy, so even if one network cable
fails, still data has an alternative path to reach its destination.
Advantages:
Here, are pros/benefits of Mesh topology
The network can be expanded without disrupting current users.
Need extra capable compared with other LAN topologies.
No traffic problem as nodes has dedicated links.
Dedicated links help you to eliminate the traffic problem.
A mesh topology is robust.
It has multiple links, so if any single route is blocked, then other routes should be used
for data communication.
Disadvantages:
Installation is complex because every node is connected to every node.
It is expensive due to the use of more cables. No proper utilization of systems.
It requires more space for dedicated links.
Tree topology

Tree topologies have a root node, and all other nodes are connected which form a
hierarchy. So it is also known as hierarchical topology. This topology integrates various
star topologies together in a single bus, so it is known as a Star Bus topology.
Advantages:
Here are pros/benefits of tree topology:
• Failure of one node never affects the rest of the network.
• Node expansion is fast and easy.
• Detection of error is an easy process
• It is easy to manage and maintain
Disadvantages:
Here are cons/drawback of tree topology:
• It is heavily cabled topology
• If more nodes are added, then its maintenance is difficult
• If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are also disabled.
 Internet Technology
• Internet Infrastructure
• Connection Speed

18 Chapter 6: The Internet

 Internet Infrastructure
• The Internet is not owned or operated by any single corporation or government
• The Internet backbone is a network of high-capacity routers and fiber-optics
• Network service providers (NSPs) & network access points (NAPs)
• An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that offers Internet access to
individuals, businesses, and smaller ISPs

19 Chapter 6: The Internet

Internet Infrastructure
• To communicate with an ISP, your computer uses
some type of communications device, such as a
modem

20 Chapter 6: The Internet

 Connection Speed
• The elapsed time for data to make a round
trip from point A to point B and back to
point A is referred to as latency
– Ping
– Traceroute
• Upstream vs. downstream speed
• When upstream speeds differ from
downstream speeds, you have an
asymmetric Internet connection
• When upstream and downstream speeds
are the same, you have a symmetric
Internet connection.

21 Chapter 6: The Internet

Wireless Security
• Wi-Fi Security
• Encryption

22 Chapter 5: Local Area Networks

Wi-Fi Security
• Networks with wired or wireless
connections are vulnerable to a
variety of threats
• Wireless signals are broadcast
through the air; and like the signals
from a radio station, they can be
picked up by any device equipped
with a receiver tuned to the right
frequency

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Wi-Fi Security

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Encryption
• Encryption transforms a message so that its contents
are hidden from unauthorized readers
– Plaintext has not yet been encrypted
– An encrypted message is referred to as ciphertext
• Decryption is the opposite of encryption
– Cryptographic algorithm & Cryptographic key
– Encryption methods can be broken by the use of
expensive, specialized, code-breaking computers

25 Chapter 5: Local Area Networks

 Thank you,..

26 NU : Fall 2020, CSCE101 - Computer and Information Skills