ART
INTEGRATION
Simhadri Mohith
Saikrishna
Himansh Shah
Vishesh Gupta
Soubhagya
Boiling and Freezing
How Colligative Properties Rule Them All
2
INTRODUCTION
What are Colligative Properties?
Colligative properties are physical
properties of solutions that depend on the
concentration of solute particles in the
solution, rather than the chemical identity
of the solute. These properties include
vapor pressure lowering, boiling point
elevation, freezing point depression, and
osmotic pressure. For example, when salt
is added to water, the boiling point of the
resulting solution increases and the
freezing point decreases. This is because
the presence of salt particles disrupts the
crystal structure of ice and makes it more
difficult for water molecules to escape into
the gas phase during boiling. 3
Elevation of Boiling Point
When a non-volatile solute is added to a
solvent, it raises the boiling point of the
solution. This happens because the
addition of the solute lowers the vapor
pressure of the solution, which means that
a higher temperature is needed for the
vapor pressure to equal the atmospheric
pressure. This effect is known as the
elevation of boiling point.
One real-world example of this
phenomenon is when salt is added to water
in order to boil pasta. The salt increases
the boiling point of the water, allowing the
pasta to cook at a higher temperature and 4
reducing the cooking time.
• If Tb and Tb∘ are the boiling
point of the solution and pure
solvent, then
• ΔTb = Tb∘ –Tb
• The magnitude
of ΔTb depends on Δp.
According to Raoult’s law-
ΔTb = Kbm
• m = molality of the solute (no.
of moles of solute dissolved
in 1 kg of solvent)
• Kb = molal elevation
constant, which depends on
the solvent. 5
Depression of Freezing Point
When a solute is added to a solvent, the
freezing point of the resulting solution is
lowered. This phenomenon is known as
depression of freezing point. The reason for
this is that the presence of the solute disrupts
the crystal lattice structure of the solvent,
making it more difficult for the solvent
molecules to form a solid.
A real-world example of depression of
freezing point can be seen in the use of salt
on icy roads. When salt is spread on an icy
road, it dissolves and forms a solution with
the water on the road surface. This solution
has a lower freezing point than pure water, so
the ice begins to melt. As a result, the road
becomes less slippery and safer for drivers.
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• If Tf and Tf∘ are the freezing
point of the solution and pure
solvent, then
ΔTf=Tf∘–Tf
• The magnitude of ΔTf depends
on Δp. According to Raoult’s
law-
ΔTf=kfm
• m = molality of the solute (no.
of moles of solute dissolved in
1 kg of solvent)
• Kf = molal depression constant,
which depends on the solvent.
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QUIZ
1. Which law specifically governs the relative lowering of vapor pressures in solutions?
a) Van’t Hoff law b) Boyle’s law c) Raoult’s law d) Amagat’s law
2. Which is the most appropriate method for determining the molar masses of biomolecules?
a) Relative lowering of vapor pressure b) Elevation of boiling point
c) Depression in freezing point d) Osmosis
3. The unit of Ebullioscopic constant is:
a) K Kg mol -1 b) mol kg k-1 c) kg mol-1 k-1 d) k mol kg-1
4. The temperature of water vapour released from the solution facing boiling point elevation?
a) 100ºc b) >100ºc c) <100ºc d) 373ºc
5. Factors regulating boiling point of solute?
a) Concentration of solute in solution b) Type of solvent
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c) Concentration of solvent d) Type of solute
DAILY LIFE
APPLICATION
Ethylene Glycol or Antifreeze helps prevent
radiator water from freezing. You may not
have noticed it also raises the fluid's boiling
point. Raising the boiling point prevents boil-
overs
Cooking: Adding salt to water increases its
boiling point, making it hotter when it boils.
Adding a few grams of salt to 10 cups of
water raises the boiling point by 0.015
Salting of the roads in water. Pure water
freezes at 0°C. However, by mixing in salt
the freezing point of this mixture of water
and salt will drop well below zero. This is
why salt is used to keep roads free from ice. 9
ADVANTAGES
One of the biggest advantages of colligative
properties is that they allow us to determine
the molecular weight of unknown
substances. By measuring the freezing point
depression or boiling point elevation of a
solution, we can calculate the number of
solute particles in the solution and thus
determine the molecular weight of the solute.
Another advantage of colligative properties is
that they are relatively easy to measure and
require only basic laboratory equipment. This
makes them accessible to a wide range of
researchers and students who may not have
access to more sophisticated analytical
techniques.
LIMITATIONS
While colligative properties are incredibly useful
for determining certain characteristics of
solutions, there are some limitations to their
accuracy. One major limitation is that colligative
properties only work well with dilute solutions.
As the concentration of solute increases, the
accuracy of colligative property calculations
decreases.
Another limitation of colligative properties is
that they only apply to ideal solutions. In reality,
most solutions are not ideal, meaning that they
deviate from the expected behavior predicted
by colligative properties. These deviations can
be caused by factors such as intermolecular
forces between solute and solvent molecules,
or the size and shape of the solute particles.
THANK YOU!
