ENGINEERING

D R AW I N G
Module # 06
MULTIVIEW ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
𝟎𝟔−𝟎𝟐
MULTIVIEW ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION
 Learning Objectives

• Students should be able to learn

1. Explain orthographic and Multiview projection.
2. Identify frontal, horizontal, and profile planes.
3. Identify the six principal views and the three space dimensions.
4. Apply standard line practices to Multiview drawings and sketches.
5. Identify limiting elements and hidden features in Multiview's.
6. Create a Multiview drawing by sketching.

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 Concept

• A projection theory is based on 2 variables:

1. Line of Sight

Line of sight (LOS) is an imaginary ray of light LOS

ion
project
between an observer’s eye and an object. line

2. Plane of Projection (Image or Picture Plane)

Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon

which the image created by the LOS is projected.

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 Representation, Visualization and
Engineering Drawing Specification
Rules

Drawing Layout Rules Manufacturing Details

i.e. how to draw the artefact i.e. how to manufacture it

• Third (or first) angle Together make a • Size and shape

projections legal specification • Dimensions
• Sections and cutting • Tolerances
planes • Surface finish
• Auxiliary projections • assembly
Views
Typical standards: Typical standards:
ISO128-1982, ISO128-34:2001, ISO 15768:2001, ISO 129-1.2:2001,
ISO-44, 2001, ISO128-50:2001, ISO 128-22:1999, ISO 406:1987, ISO
ISO7573:1983 1101:1983, ISO 1302:2001
08/17/2023 ASME Y14.3-2003 ASME Y14.5 , ASME Y14.5M
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
SYSTEM
 Orthographic Projection

• The word orthographic means “at right angles.”

• System for drawing and dimensioning complex three-dimensional items.

• Changes physical objects and three-dimensional ideas into two-dimensional drawings.

• Uses descriptive geometry.

– A drafting method used to study 3-D geometry with 2-D drafting applications
where planes of projections analyze and describe the true geometric
characteristics.

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 Orthographic Projection

• Lines of sight perpendicular to plane of projection.

• Surface of the object parallel to the plane of projection:

– Surface appears true size and shape.

• Surface of the object not parallel to the plane of projection:

– Surface appears foreshortened, or shorter than true length.

• True geometry view.

– The view that shows the actual shape of the object.

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 Orthographic Projection

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 Orthographic Projection

• Orthographic projection (sometimes referred to as multi-view projection), is a

geometric procedure used in the engineering disciplines to project multiple graphic

images of three - dimensional objects, onto a single two-dimensional plane.

• The procedure is also called engineering drawing or drafting and is the primary

means of communication used by designers and engineers in the design process.

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 Orthographic Projection – Scope

• Orthographic reading covers 2 aspects

1. Gather an information from a given orthographic drawing.
- Type of material

- Size and location of object’s features, e.g. holes, slot, chamfer etc.

- Additional treatment of an object, e.g. heat treatment, surface finish

-…
2. Recognizing shape of an object from a given orthographic drawing.

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 Multiview Projection System
• The three RPs (principal planes or reference planes)
required to obtained the views in Multiview
projections are the HP, the VP and the PP.

• The HP and the VP make four quadrants.

• The position of an object in space can be determined

by these quadrants, i.e., the object can be in first
quadrants or in the second quadrants or in the third
quadrants or in the fourth quadrant.

• The line at which the HP and the VP meet is called

horizontal reference line and denoted by XY.

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 Multiview Projection System

• The line at which the HP (or the VP) and the PP meet is
called the profile reference line and is denoted by X1Y1.

• After the views are obtained, the HP is rotated about XY in

the clockwise direction to bring it in plane with the VP.

• The PP is rotated about X1Y1 away from the object.

• The views of an object are now assumed to be in one

plane and can be drawn on a drawing paper.

• Two views of an object are obtained on the HP and the VP.

• The third view is obtained on the PP.

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ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
 Orthographic Views

• An observer can look toward the object from any direction.

• However, in Multiview projection, the observer is supposed to look the object from six
principal directions, i.e., front of the object, top of the object, right side of object, left
side of object, back of the object and bottom of the object.

• Obviously, six different views of the object are obtained.

• These views are called principal views as they are obtained on the principal planes –
the VP, the HP and the PP.

• If an auxiliary plane is used to obtained an orthographic view, the view is called an

auxiliary view.
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 Orthographic Views
• The principal orthographic views are explained
below.
• Front View:
– When the observer looks at the object from the
front, the view obtained is called the front view
(FV) or elevation. FV is seen on the VP.
• Top View:
– When the observer looks at the object from
above, the view obtained is called top view (TV)
or plan. TV is seen on the HP.

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 Orthographic Views

• Side View:

– When the observer looks at the object from side,

i.e., from his left – hand side or right – hand side,
the view obtained is called side view (SV). SV is
seen on the PP.

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 Orthographic Views
• Left – Hand Side View:

– When the observer views the object from his left – hand side, the view obtained is
called left – hand side view (LHSV).

• Right – Hand Side View:

– When the observer views the object from his right – hand side, the view obtained is
called as right – hand side view (RHSV).

• For longer objects of uniform cross section (e.g., long pipe, spline shaft, etc.), the SV is
usually referred as end view.

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 Orthographic Views
• Bottom View:

– When the observer looks to the object from

below, the view obtained is called bottom view
(BV) or bottom plan.

• Rear View:

– When the observer looks to the object from back,

the view obtained is called rear view (RV) or
back view or rear elevation.

• The FV, TV and either LHSV or RHSV are usually drawn in

orthographic projection. The other views are added if they
are extremely essential.
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METHODS OF MULTIVIEW
PROJECTION
 Methods

1. The observer moves around the object (The Glass Box).

2. Revolve the object with respect to observer.

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 The Glass Box

• One way to understand the standard

arrangement of views on the sheet of
paper is to envision a glass box.
• If planes of projection were placed
parallel to each principal face of the
object, they would form a box, as
shown in Figure.
• The outside observer would see six
standard views (front, rear, top,
bottom, right side, left side) of the
object through the sides of this
imaginary glass box.

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 Unfolding the Glass Box

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 Unfolding the Glass Box

Glass box concept

Top view

Rear view

Left side view

Front
Right side
view
view
play
Bottom view
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 The Glass Box Unfolded

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 Top view The Glass Box
Unfolded

Depth
Front view

Width
Height

Rear view Left side view Right side view

Bottom view
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 The Glass Box Unfolded

Views Shown with and without Folding Lines

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 Revolve the Object

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 Revolve the Object

Top view

Front view Right side view play

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 Principal Dimensions

• The three principal dimensions of an object are

width, height, and depth.

• In technical drawing, these fixed terms are used for

dimensions shown in certain views, regardless of the
shape of the object.

• The terms length and thickness are not used because

they may be misleading.

• The front view shows only the height and width of

the object and not the depth.

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 Principal Dimensions

• In fact, any principal view of a 3D object shows only two

of the three principal dimensions; the third is found in an
adjacent view.

• Height is shown in the rear, left-side, front, and right-side

views.

• Width is shown in the rear, top, front, and bottom views.

• Depth is shown in the left-side, top, right-side, and

bottom views.

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 Spacing between Views

• Spacing between views is mainly a

matter of appearance.
• Views should be spaced well apart but
close enough to appear related to each
other.
• You may need to leave space between
the views to add dimensions.

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 Transferring Depth Dimensions

• The depth dimensions in the top and side views must correspond point-for-point.
• When using 2D CAD or instruments, transfer these distances accurately.
• You can transfer dimensions between the top and side views either with dividers or
with a scale, as shown in Figures.

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 Transferring Depth Dimensions

• You may find it convenient to use a 45° miter line

to project dimensions between top and side views,
as shown in Figure.

• Because the miter line is drawn at 45°, depths

shown vertically in the top view can be transferred
to be shown as horizontal depths in the side view
and vice versa.

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 Projection Systems
First
1. First Angle System quadrant
- European countries
- ISO standard

2. Third Angle System

Transparent
Opaque
- Canada, USA, planes
planes
Japan, Thailand

Third
quadrant

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 Orthographic Views
1st angle system 3rd angle system
(Opaque planes) (transparent planes/glass box)

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 Orthographic Views
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line


Folding
line
Folding
line


Folding
line

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 Views Arrangement
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Top View

Right Side View Front View Front View Right Side View

Top View

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 Projection Symbols
1st angle system 3rd angle system

d 1.7d

2.2d
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 First – Angle Projection
(Europe)

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 Third – Angle Projection
(North America)

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 Relationship between Object,
Observer and POP

POP Object Observer

First Angle Projection Method

POP Observer
Object

Third Angle Projection Method

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 Difference between First and Third
Angle Projections

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Why are first and third
angle projections so named?
 Answer

• The terms first angle projection and

third angle projection may seem like
complicated terms but the reason for
their naming is connected with
geometry.
• Following Fig. 1 shows four angles
given by the planes OA, OB, OC and OD.

Fig. 1
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 Answer
• When a part is placed in any of the four quadrants, its outline can be projected onto
any of the vertical or horizontal planes.
• These projections are produced by viewing the parts either from the right-hand side
or from above as shown by the arrows in the diagram.
• In first angle projection the arrows project the shape of the parts onto the planes OA
and OB. When the two planes are opened up to 180o as shown in the small diagrams in
Fig 1, the two views will be in first angle projection arrangement.
• When the part in the third quadrant is viewed from the right-hand side and from
above, the view will be projected forwards onto the faces OC and OD. When the planes
are opened up to 180o the views will be in third angle projection arrangement, as
shown in the small diagrams in Fig. 1.

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 Answer

• If parts were to be placed in the second and fourth quadrant, the views projected
onto the faces when opened out would be incoherent and invalid because they cannot
be projected from one another.

• It is for this reason that there is no such thing as second angle projection or fourth
angle projection.

• There are several ISO standards dealing with views in first and third angle projection.

• These standards are: ISO 128:1982, ISO 128-30:2001 and ISO 128-34:2001.

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 Answer
3rd Angle 1 Angle
st

Projection Projection

FV

TV TV

FV

TV FV

FV TV

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 Answer
4th Angle 2 Angle
nd

Projection Projection

FV

TV
TV

FV

FV Overlap TV Overlap
TV FV

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ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
 View Selection Procedures

1. Orient the object to the best position relative to a glass box.

2. Select the front view.

3. Select adjacent views.

Orient Select Select

the object front view adjacent view

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 View Selection

• Six views possible:

– FRONT
– TOP
– RIGHT-SIDE
– LEFT-SIDE
– BOTTOM
– REAR

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 View Selection

• Seldom necessary to use all six views.

– Only draw the number of views necessary to completely described the object.
• Choose the views that have the fewest hidden lines and show essential contours or
shapes most clearly.
• Front view usually most important.
– Establishes other views.
• Complicated objects may require more than three views or special views such as
partial views.
• Always one dimension common between adjacent views.

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 View Selection

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 View Selection

• Many objects need only two views to clearly describe their shape.

• If an object requires only two views, and the left-side and right-side views show the
object equally well, use the right-side view.

• If an object requires only two views, and the top and bottom views show the object
equally well, choose the top view.

• If only two views are necessary and the top view and right-side view show the object
equally well, choose the combination that fits best on your paper.

• Some examples are shown in Figure.

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 View Selection

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 View Selection

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 View Selection

• Often, a single view supplemented by a note

or by lettered symbols is enough, as shown
in Figure.
• Objects that can be shown using a single
view usually have a uniform thickness.
• This connecting rod is an exception.
• It is possible to show it in a single view
owing to the way it is dimensioned.

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 Selecting the Front View
• Represent the most natural position of use.
• Provide the best shape description or most characteristic contours.
• Have the longest dimension.
• Have the fewest hidden features.
• Be the most stable and natural position.

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 Selecting the Front View – Activity

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 Suggestions: Orient the Object

1. The object should be placed in its natural position.

2. The orthographic views should represent the true size and true shape of an object
(as much as possible).

GOOD NO !

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 Suggestions: Select the Front View

1. The longest dimension of an object should be presented as a width (in a front view).

First choice Inappropriate Second choice Good

Use more space

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 Suggestions: Select the Front View

2. The adjacent views project from the selected front view should be appeared in a
natural position.

Inappropriate

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 Suggestions: Select the Front View

3. It has the fewest number of hidden lines.

Good Inappropriate

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 Suggestions: Select an Adjacent View

1. Choose the view that has the fewest number of hidden lines.

Inappropriate

Inappropriate
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 Suggestions: Select an Adjacent View

2. Choose the minimum number of views that can represent the major features of the
object. All information is placed
on a single view.

Necessary

Hole’s information is placed on

a separated view.

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Necessary
 Suggestions: Select an Adjacent View

Poor
3. Choose the views that are
Not enough space
suitable to a drawing sheet. for dimensioning.

Choose another adjacent view. Good Change orientation of the Good

selected views.

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 Activity – In the table, identify the given surface letter from the pictorial
drawing with the corresponding surface number from the Multiview drawing for
each view.

Surface Top Front Side

A 13 1 28
B 16 4 26
C 17 5 34
D 18 6 27
E 19 7 33
F 23 12 25
G 22 11 35
H 24 9 36
I 21 10 29
J 20 8 32
K 15 2 30
L 14 3 31

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08/17/2023
 Object Features
Edge is a line that represent the boundary between two faces of an object.

Surface limit is a line that represents the last visible part of the curve surface.

Surface is an area that are bounded by edges or surface limit. Surface can be plane or curve.

No edges!

Prism Cylinder Sphere

Note: These features will appear as lines in a Multiview drawing.

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PROJECTION OF AN
OBJECT
PRACTICE
 Projection of an object having
curved surface and plane
• Curved surface can either tangent or intersect with an adjacent plane or curve surface.
• In the case of intersection, an edge exists and becomes a line in a Multiview drawing.
• In the case of tangential, there is no edge and line in a Multiview drawing.

T
I T I
I

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 Examples
1 2

Play Play

3 4

Play Play

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 Examples

5 6

Play Play

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 Examples
7 8

Play No line exists Play

9 10

Play Play

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 Activity
Try to relate the object’s features to the lines in a Multiview
drawing, i.e. interpret the meaning of lines.

Given Multiview
3D representation 1 Choose 2 Represent drawing
of an object features each features
by a line

2 Match 1 Choose lines

each lines (or areas)
(or areas)
to features

3 Identify line
(or plane) types,
i.e. normal,
inclined, and
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 Self Study: Type of Planes

Click on any area

of a given object.
You will get the
type of plane.

Normal plane

Inclined plane

Curve surface

Skip
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 Class Activity: Object’s Features
Identify name of the features
4
denoted by a NO. 1 to 9?
3
Edge Surface Surface
5 limit
1  
7 2  
3  
2
1 8 4  
6
5  
6  
7  
8  
Reset all Skip test Next slide
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PRECEDENCE OF LINES
 Line Convention

• Lines on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object and
it is important that the appropriate line type is used.

• Line Thickness

• For most engineering drawings you will require two thickness', a thick and thin line.

• The general recommendation are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines.

A thick continuous line is used for visible edges and

                                               outlines.
                                            
A thin line is used for hatching, leader lines, short
centre lines, dimensions and projections.
 

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 Line Convention

• Line Styles
• Other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are:

                                              Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to indicate
centre lines. Centre lines are used to identify the centre of a circle, cylindrical features,
or a line of symmetry.
                                               Dashed lines are used to show important hidden details, for example wall thickness
and holes.

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Do we need a convention for what line
to show if two lines fall on top of each
other?
Yes!
Otherwise features which are more important (e.g. visible lines) would be
overridden by less important features (e.g. hidden lines) and the resulting
drawing would be interpreted inaccurately.
 Precedence of Lines

• Visible lines takes precedence over all other lines

0.6 mm

• Hidden lines and cutting plane lines take precedence over center lines
0.3 mm

• Center lines have lowest precedence

0.6 mm

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 Example

Play

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 Precedence of Lines

• In engineering and technical drawing, it is important that hidden features be

represented, so that the reader of the drawing can clearly understand the object.
• Thus we need hidden lines to emphasize that those features exist and are hidden in
that particular view.
• We also need center lines to understand how the features defined in the 2D views
translate into 3D.

• NOTE: It must be emphasized that hidden lines and center lines are used only on
Orthographic projection drawings, never on isometric drawings.

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 Class Activity: Precedence of Lines
What is an appropriate line type to
replace the lines NO. 1-4?
4

V H C
1  
2  
3  
1
2 3
4  
“V” denotes visible line
“H” denotes hidden line
“C” denotes center line

Reset all Skip test Next slide

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 Correct and Incorrect Practices for
Hidden Lines

join
join
space
space

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 Correct and Incorrect Practices for
Hidden Lines

L T

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 Center Line Drawing
• Center line should always start and end with long dash.
• In a circular view, short dash of a center line should cross at the center of the circle or arc.
• Center line should not extend between views.

3~4 mm

Leave space Leave space

3~4 mm

Play Play

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 Center Line Drawing
• For a small hole, a center line is presented as a thin continuous line.
• Leave a gap when centerline forms a continuation with a visible or a hidden line.

Leave space Leave space Leave space

Play

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ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1ST – ANGLE PROJECTION EXAMPLES
 FOR T.V.

FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION
In this method,
the object is assumed to be
situated in first quadrant
means above HP & in front of
VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE. . FO
S.V R
R F.V
PP FO .
VP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF FV LSV

PLANES & VIEWS
IN X Y
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS TV

HP
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 FOR T.V.
Example 01

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
. F.V
.
S.V
R
FO

x y

Draw three views of this object

TOP VIEW
by first angle projection method
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 FOR T.V. Example 02

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y
FO
.V. R
S F.V
R .
FO

TOP VIEW

Draw three views of this object

by first angle projection method
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 FOR T.V.
Example 03

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
. R
S. V
FO
R
F.V
. X Y

TOP VIEW
Draw three views of this object
by first angle projection method
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 FOR T.V.
Example 04

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y
. FO
S.V R
F.V
R
FO .

TOP VIEW

Draw three views of this object

by first angle projection method
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 FOR T.V.
Example 05

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

.V.
S
R
FO FO
R
F.V X Y
.

Draw three views of this object

by first angle projection method TOP VIEW

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 Example 06
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

. FO X Y
S.V R
OR F.V
F .

TOP VIEW
Draw three views of this object
by first angle projection method
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 Example 07
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
F.V
.
.
S.V
R X Y
FO

Draw three views of this object

by first angle projection method TOP VIEW
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 Example 08
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

FO
. R
F.V
S. V .
OR
F
Draw three views of this object
by first angle projection method TOP VIEW

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 Example 09
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

S.V.
R
FO

FO
R
F.V
.
Draw three views of this object
TOP VIEW
by first angle projection method
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 Example 10
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
F.V X Y
.

.
S.V
R
FO

Draw three views of this object

by first angle projection method TOP VIEW
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 Example 11
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

. FO
S .V R
R F.V
FO .

Draw three views of this object

by first angle projection method TOP VIEW

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 Example 12
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

35
FV

35

10
x y

10 20 30

FO
R 40
F.V
. 70

TV
Draw three views of this object O
by first angle projection method
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 Example 13
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FV

30 10 30 SV

30

10

30
x y

. V. FO
S R
R F.V
FO .

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

TV
Draw three views of this object
by first angle projection method
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ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
3rd – ANGLE PROJECTION EXAMPLES
 FOR T.V.

THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
In this method,
the object is assumed to be
situated in third quadrant
( below HP & behind of VP).

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS X Y
. FO
OF
FV S.V R
F.V
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS LSV R
FO .

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 Example 01
114

64 R32 64
64
19
13
2  22 38

45
2  22

18
R32

19
C RS

13
114

TOP VIEW

13 13

63
18
13

FRONT VIEW PROFILE VIEW

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ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
CLASS PRACTICE
 1. Which are the necessary views? (60 sec)

D E
a) A-C-E
b) E-B-D B
c) E-A
d) E-C

A C

0 15 30 45 60 F

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 2. Which is in correct first angle projection? (180 sec)

a) b)

c) d)

0 45 90 135 180

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 3. Which is in correct third angle projection? (180 sec)

a) b)

c) d)

0 45 90 135 180

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 4. Which is a wrong 3rd angle orthographic views? (180 sec)

a) b)

c) d)

0 45 90 135 180

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THANK YOU!
for your attention