I/O Ports in AVR

Sepehr Naimi

www.NicerLand.com
 Topics
 AVR pin out
 The structure of I/O pins
 I/O programming
 Bit manipulating

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I/O unit in AVR

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 ATmega328 pinout

+5 V
1. Vital Pins:
1. Power
 VCC
 Ground
2. Crystal
 XTAL1
+5 V
 XTAL2 +5 V
3. Reset
2. I/O pins
 PORTB, PORTC, and
PORTD
3. Internal ADC pins
 AREF, AVCC, ADCn

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The structure of I/O pins

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 Example 1
 Write a program that
makes all the pins of
PORTB one.
DDRB: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PORTB: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

LDI R20,0xFF ;R20 = 11111111 (binary)

OUT PORTB,R20 ;PORTB = R20
OUT DDRB,R20 ;DDRB = R20

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 Example 2
 The following code will toggle all 8 bits of Port B
forever with some time delay between “on” and
“off” states:

LDI R16,0xFF ;R16 = 0xFF = 0b11111111

OUT DDRB,R16 ;make Port B an output port (1111
1111)
L1: LDI R16,0x55 ;R16 = 0x55 = 0b01010101
OUT PORTB,R16 ;put 0x55 on port B pins
CALL DELAY
LDI R16,0xAA ;R16 = 0xAA = 0b10101010
OUT PORTB,R16 ;put 0xAA on port B pins
CALL DELAY
RJMP L1

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 Example 3
 A 7-segment is connected to PORTD. Display 1
on the 7-segment.
DDRD: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PORTD: 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

ATmega328 0
5 1
LDI R20,0x06 ;R20 = 00000110 (binary) 8 6
PORTD
OUT PORTD,R20 ;PORTD = R20 2
4
LDI R20,0xFF ;R20 = 11111111 (binary)
OUT DDRD,R20 ;DDRD = R20 3

L1: RJMP L1

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 Example 4
 A 7-segment is connected to PORTD. Display 3
on the 7-segment.
DDRD: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PORTD: 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

ATmega328 0
5 1
LDI R20,0x4F ;R20 = 01001111 (binary) 8 6
PORTD
OUT PORTD,R20 ;PORTD = R20 2
4
LDI R20,0xFF ;R20 = 11111111 (binary)
OUT DDRD,R20 ;DDRD = R20 3

L1: RJMP L1

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 Example 5: Input
 The following code gets the data present at the pins of port C and
sends it to port B indefinitely, after adding the value 5 to it:

LDI R16,0x00 ;R16 = 00000000 (binary)

OUT DDRC,R16 ;make Port C an input port
LDI R16,0xFF ;R16 = 11111111 (binary)
OUT DDRB,R16 ;make Port B an output port(1 for Out)
L2: IN R16,PINC ;read data from Port C and put in R16
LDI R17,5
ADD R16,R17 ;add 5 to it
OUT PORTB,R16 ;send it to Port B
RJMP L2 ;jump L2

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Pull-up resistor

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Example

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I/O bit manipulation programming
 SBI and CBI instructions
 SBI (Set Bit in IO register)
 SBI ioReg, bit ;ioReg.bit = 1
 Examples:
 SBI PORTD,0 ;PORTD.0 = 1
 SBI DDRC,5 ;DDRC.5 = 1

 CBI (Clear Bit in IO register)

 CBI ioReg, bit ;ioReg.bit = 0
 Examples:
 CBI PORTD,0 ;PORTD.0 = 0
 CBI DDRC,5 ;DDRC.5 = 0

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 Example
 Write a program that toggles PORTB.4
continuously.

SBI DDRB,4
L1: SBI PORTB,4
CBI PORTB,4
RJMP L1

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 Example
 An LED is connected to each pin of Port D. Write a
program to turn on each LED from pin D0 to pin D7. Call
a delay module before turning on the next LED.
LDI R20, 0xFF
OUT DDRD, R20 ;make PORTD an output port
SBI PORTD,0 ;set bit PD0
CALL DELAY ;delay before next one
SBI PORTD,1 ;turn on PD1
CALL DELAY ;delay before next one
SBI PORTD,2 ;turn on PD2
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,3
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,4
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,5
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,6
CALL DELAY
SBI PORTD,7
CALL DELAY

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 SBIC and SBIS
 SBIC (Skip if Bit in IO register Cleared)
 SBIC ioReg, bit ; if (ioReg.bit = 0) skip next instruction
 Example:
SBIC PORTD,0 ;skip next instruction if PORTD.0=0
INC R20
LDI R19,0x23

 SBIS (Skip if Bit in IO register Set)

 SBIS ioReg, bit ; if (ioReg.bit = 1) skip next instruction
 Example:
SBIS PORTD,0 ;skip next instruction if PORTD.0=1
INC R20
LDI R19,0x23

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 Example
 Write a program to perform the following:
 (a) Keep monitoring the PB2 bit until it becomes HIGH;
 (b) When PB2 becomes HIGH, write value $45 to Port C,
and also send a HIGH-to-LOW pulse to PD3.

CBI DDRB, 2 ;make PB2 an input

SBI PORTB,2
LDI R16, 0xFF
OUT DDRC, R16 ;make Port C an output port
SBI DDRD, 3 ;make PD3 an output
AGAIN: SBIS PINB, 2 ;Skip if Bit PB2 is HIGH
RJMP AGAIN ;keep checking if LOW
LDI R16, 0x45
OUT PORTC, R16 ;write 0x45 to port C
SBI PORTD, 3 ;set bit PD3 (H-to-L)
CBI PORTD, 3 ;clear bit PD3
HERE: RJMP HERE

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 Example
 A switch is connected to pin
PB0 and an LED to pin PB5.
Write a program to get the
status of SW and send it to
the LED.

CBI DDRB,0 ;make PB0 an input

SBI DDRB,5 ;make PB5 an output
AGAIN: SBIC PINB,0 ;skip next if PB0 is clear
RJMP OVER ;(JMP is OK too)
CBI PORTB,5
RJMP AGAIN ;we can use JMP too
OVER: SBI PORTB,5
RJMP AGAIN ;we can use JMP too

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The structure of I/O pins

DDRx.n
OUTPUT
PORTx.n

PINx.n INPUT

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Out 0

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Out 1

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The structure of I/O pins

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Input (Tri-state vs. pull up)

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