Software

Software is a collection of program as well as set of

instruction which are design and developed by software
engineer to perform specific task and general task.
Software is a most important component of computer
system because it is responsible for perform a task given by
the user. And it is also responsible for maintaining,
updating ,and controlling the all software and hardware
which are internally and externally connected to the
computer system. For example office package , Photoshop
etc.
Software
Software is programs or instructions that tell the
computer what to do and how to do it. Computers
need software to do even a simple job, without
software computers cannot function even with out
program a user cannot boot computer system.
Types of software
Software

System software Application software

Packaged
Utility
OS LP program

Tailored
compiler

interpreter

Assembler
Types of software
Software is divided in to two types they are
System software
Application software
System software: system software is a collection of program
as well as set of instruction and the purpose of these program
is to use of computer more efficient and easier. The system
software's are responsible for managing ,
controlling ,controlling and updating the all hardware and
software which are in the computer system. it is divided in to
three types they are :
Operating system
Language processor
Utility program
Types of software
Operating System: Operating system is a kind of system
software which is responsible for controlling updating
all hardware and software's. It is interface between
computer user and computer hardware. It is also known
as master controller of the complete computer system.
For example Unix, linux,Mac, Vista,etc.
Language processor: Language processor is system
software or it is also known as translator which trans
late high-level language in to machine code instruction
which is known as object code. It is also divided in to
three types they are.
Compiler
Interpreter
Assembler
Types of software
Compiler : Compiler is a system software and it is
translator which translate high level language in to
machine code instruction because computer
hardware’s are only able to understand machine code
instruction which is known as object code. It execute
complete source code once a time in to machine code
instruction.

 HLL HLL(source
Machine code code)
Compiler
(source code) (object code)
Types of software
Interpreter: It is also a system software or translator
which high level language in to machine code
instruction because computer hardware’s are only able
to understand machine code instruction but it execute
step by step or line by line , it reads each and every
instruction and then execute that source code in to
machine code instruction.

HLL Interpreter Machine code

Types of software
Assembler : Assembler is a kind of software which is
used to translate low level language in to machine
code instruction because computer hardware are only
able to understand machine code instruction.

LBL Assembler Machine code

Utility Program
Utility programs are also known as house keeping
programming. Which are developed and used by it
programmer it self to increase there programming
efficiency. Like copy, paste etc.
Virus : it is software application which destroy the
computer and its related devices and other
application.
Anti virus: it is also a software which is used to protect
our computer from virus. Like panda AVG etc.
Application software
Tailored software
Packaged software
SDLC
SDLC stands for system development life cycle. It is a
complete frame work for development different types of
software application. that may be system application and
application. SDLC contain various phases for developing
they are
 Problem definition.
 System analysis.
 System design.
 System development.
 System testing.
 System implementation.
 System evaluation
 Support and maintenance
System development process
Problem definition: Problem definition is also known as requirement
definition or system definition. System definition is the process of
defining the current problem or determining why new system is
needed. And identified the objectives of proposed system. In this
phase the main aim is to answer why do we need a new system and
what are the objectives of new system.
System analysis: In this phase a detailed problem analysis is
undertaken to better understand the nature, scope, requirement and
feasibility of new system. This phase is further divided in to three
parts:
Under standing the problem
Feasibility study.
System requirement.
Cont..
Understanding the problem: in this phase developers
and users should fully understand the existing
problem and strength and weakness of the existing.
Feasibility study: The feasibility study or analysis
carefully examine technical , economical, operational
and scheduling factors of a system to make sure that
the system can be successfully developed. It is further
divided in to four parts they are:
Technical feasibility
Economic feasibility
Operational feasibility
Schedule feasibility
Cont..

System Design: System design is the determination of the

process and data that are required by a new system. it is further
divided in to two parts they are:
Logical design.
physical design.
System d development: In this phase the final program
specification and the file design is handed over to the
programmer . The programmer then translate the specification
in programming language suitable for the purpose. In this
phase the programmer select the programming language
according to the requirement of the end user as well as nature
of the application.
Cont…
System Testing : system testing is the process of finding out the
errors. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of
finding out errors. It is one of the most difficult task in system
development. It is further divided in to two parts they are:
White box testing.
Block box testing.
System implementation: system implementation is the process of
installed the application in computer system. During
implementation we turn system specification in to working system
that is tested and put in to use. Usually the system or application is
installed and the new system becomes part of the daily activity of the
organization. A programmer uses four different methods they are:
Cont…
Parallel conversion: old and new system run in parallel
till new system becomes part of organization.
Direct conversion: old system is replaced by new
system.
Pilot conversion: one department or one unit uses one
by one.
Phased conversion: new system is slowly phased in to
operational envirment.
Cont..
System evaluation: System evaluation a post
implementation review help developers and users to
analyze and highlight the successful and not successful
part of the system.’
System maintenance: it ensure that it continue to
meet the growing and changing needs of the users
through system modification as and when required .
System maintenance starts after system becomes
operational. And should last as long as is in use.
System development process
There are two types of system development they are:
 OOPS: Object oriented programming system views a problem in terms of
object rather then procedure. It treats data as an important element in the
program and it does not allow data move freely. For example java, C++ etc.
programs are divided in to object and it fallow bottom to up procedure.

 Structured programming system: Structured programming is an approach

to programming which can give higher productivity and which can
produce programs of high quality which are easy to debug , modify and
maintain. it emphasis on modular development of program that is large
programs are divided in to smaller sub problem. And it fallow the top
down structure. It means it execute program from top down approach. for
example C.
prototyping
Prototyping is a new technique for developing
software application. It is used in the development of
both new hardware and new software system of
information management. It is a approach where
systems are developed quickly with out having
undergone a complete analysis and specification. The
system that is developed is known as prototyping.
computer system
A computer system is a basic, complete and functional
hardware and software setup with everything needed
to implement computing performance. A computer
system consists of hardware components that have
been carefully chosen so that they work well together
and software components or programs that run in the
computer. The main software component is itself
an operating system (OS) that manages and provides
services to other programs that can be run in the
computer. In the simple word computer system is
combination of input unit and processing unit and out
put unit.
 A computer system is a combination of three
components. They are
 Input unit
 Processing unit(CPU)
 Output unit
Input unit: input unit are the combination of different
input devices and input devices are those device which
are used to give the instruction to the computer. For eg
mouse , keyboard etc.
 CPU: CPU stands for central processing unit which is heart and brain of
computer .
Components of Processor
The CPU or Processor divided into three parts, which are known as the
components of CPU. They are:
ALU (Arithmetical And Logical Unit)
CU ( Control Unit)
RA ( Resistor Array )
 
ALU (Arithmetical And Logical Unit): ALU Stands the Arithmetical and logical
unit, which is responsible for performing all basic mathematical operations like
additions, subtraction, division, multiplication. It is also responsible for
performing AND operation, OR operation and NOT operation. ALU contains
resistors also which are special purpose resistor to store the location, storage
contents, intermediate result, final result also kept known as accumulator.
CU (Control Unit):Control Unit is responsible for fetching the instruction from
the main memory. It is also responsible for execution program. It also consists of
resisters to hold the address of the current instruction to be executed.
RA/MU (Resister Array/ Memory Unit):Resister Arrays
are temporary location in the CPU that is designed for
storing data temporary during the execution a program.
Resister array quickly accept, store, transfer the data
instructions which are used to immediately (currently) to
execute an instruction the control unit of the CPU retrieve
it from main memory and store into a resistor because
resistors are very fast compared to other memory devices. It
is further divides into five types:-
Accumulator Resistor
Program Counter Resistor
Instruction Resistor
Memory Address Resistor
Memory Data Resistor
 
Accumulator Resistor :Accumulator resistor is a special type of
the resistor which is responsible for storing intermediate result
and final result also to be kept and transfer that final result to the
main memory (RAM).
Program counter : Program resistor is special resistor which
keeps the address of the next instruction to be executed it is also
known as location resistor.
Instruction Resistor :Instruction resistors are those resistors
which are keep the current instruction to be executed.
Memory Address Resistor (MRA) :MRA contains the address
of the memory location from which data and instruction to be
fetched.
Memory Data Resistor (MDR): This resistor temporarily holds
all data and instructions which are moved from one memory
location to another memory location.
 
 Output unit: Output unit are the combination of
different output devices and output devices are those
device which are used to show the result. For eg
printer , monitor etc.
Business application software
 Project Management Software  :This business application software helps
in the planning and implementation of projects. You can also use this type
of software in managing resources for said projects. They help schedule and
assign tasks, manage budget and costs, document progress, and report
results.
 Business Process Management  :These are business applications (usually
optimized for mobile devices) that facilitate rapid development, automation,
and streamlining of strategic business processes. Also, it offers total
visibility into a company’s operations and helps manage and analyze
complex business data, content, and processes.
 Communications Software  :These software aid companies and
organizations grow through the use of tools and protocols for internal and
external communication. For example, we have Zoom, HootSuite, Buffer,
etc.
 Enterprise Resource Planning  :These are business applications that
solicit, review, analyze, manipulate, and store data that come from a variety
of work operations. For this, we have Oracle, Acumatica
This type of business application software helps in the
creation of documents, management of databases,
collaboration, and accounting. Common examples for this
would.
Resource Management Software  :These software helps
facilitate the management of several projects and its
resources, ensuring that everything is appropriately allocated
in real-time. For example, online inventory systems.
Sales and Marketing Software  :Efficiency and profitability
in sales and marketing are vital for businesses organizations.
CRM, Google.
 Human Resource Software  :These business
application software help manage employees. Also, it
helps businesses maintain a happy and productive
workforce. Standard HR software includes human
resource information systems Customer Relationship
Management  :Through this type of business
application software, you can manage your clients’
queries, requests, and issues reported. You can also
analyze customer data. They also help manage
customer interaction and facilitate sales and partner
relationships.