Decision Structures

Section 2
Chapter 3
 Decisions (If statement)
EX: test1.py
• The if statement
num = 1
– if condition:
if num>=1:
(tab) statement print('greater')
if num<1:
– condition: logical expression, true or false print('lower')
– logical expression
• 1: true, 0: false, other numbers: true
num = 1
>> 2>0
>> -1>0
– relational operators num >= 1 print('greater')
• < <= ==
• != > >=
• x = 3>2
• x = 3 == 3
• x = 0<0.5<1 num < 1 print(‘lower')
• x != 0, x != 2
 Example
• balance = eval(input( 'Enter bank balance
(0~1000): ' ))
• If balance is lower than 500 then compute
the 500-balance & print.
• If balance is higher than 500 then compute
the 1000-balance & print.
• Use the if statement
 if-else Statements
EX: test1.py
num = 1
if num>=1:
print('greater')
if num<1:
print('lower')

num = 1
if num>=1:
(else)
num >= 1 print('greater')
else:
print('lower')
print(‘lower') print('greater')
 Example
• balance = eval(input( 'Enter bank balance
(0~1000): ' ));
• If balance is lower than 500 then compute
the 500-balance.
• If balance is higher or same than 500 then
compute the 1000-balance.
• Use the if, else statement
 Basic form of if-else
• Basic form • elseif ladder
if conditionA: if condition1:
statementsA statementsA
If conditionB: elif condition2:
statementsB statementsB
… elif condition3:
statementsC
…
else:
num = 1 num = 1 statementsE
if num<1: if num<1:
print(‘low') print(‘low')
if 1<num<5: elif num<5:
print(‘middle') print(‘middle')
if num>5: else:
print(‘high') print(‘high')
 Example
• balance = eval(input( 'Enter bank balance: (0~1000)' ));
• If balance is lower than 100 then compute the 100-balance.
• If balance is higher than 100 and lower than 300 then compute the 300-bal-
ance.
• If balance is higher than 300 and lower than 500 then compute the 500-bal-
ance.
• If balance is higher than 500 then compute the 1000-balance.
• Use if, elseif, else statment
 Logical operators
lex1 lex2 not lex1 lex1 and lex2 lex1 or lex2
• Logical operators F F T F F
– and, or, not
F T T F T

T F F F T

T T F T T

if (b^2 - 4*a*c == 0) & (a ~= 0):

Example
x = -b / (2*a)

num = 1 num = 1
if num<1: if num<1:
print(‘low') print(‘low')
if 1<num<5: if num>1 and num<5:
print(‘middle') print(‘middle')
if num>5: if num>5:
print(‘high') print(‘high')
 Elseif and if
Bank interest rate: <$5000  9%,
$5000≤ and <$10000  12%, ≥$10000  15%
• elseif • if
bal = 15000 * rand bal = 15000 * rand
if bal < 5000: if bal < 5000:
rate = 0.09 rate = 0.09
elif bal < 10000: if bal >= 5000 and bal < 10000:
rate = 0.12 rate = 0.12
else: if bal >= 10000:
rate = 0.15 rate = 0.15

newbal = bal + rate * bal print( newbal = bal + rate * bal

‘Rate & New balance is: ' ) print( 'Rate & New balance is: ' )
print(rate, newbal) print( rate, newbal )
 Example
• balance = eval(input( 'Enter bank balance: (0~1000)' ))
• If balance is lower than 100 then compute the 100-balance.
• If balance is higher than 100 and lower than 300 then compute the
300-balance.
• If balance is higher than 300 and lower than 500 then compute the
500-balance.
• If balance is higher than 500 then compute the 1000-balance.
• Use if and logical operator
 Elseif and if
Mother if Mother if Nested if
T T
con1 con2
nested if
F F State

num = 1 num = 1 num = 1

if num<1: if num<1: if num<1:
print(‘low') print(‘low') print(‘low')
if 1<num<5: if num>1 and num<5: if num>1:
print(‘middle') print(‘middle') if num<5:
if num>5: if num>5: print(‘middle')
print(‘high') print(‘high') if num>5:
print(‘high')
 nested if
Bank interest rate: <$5000  9%,
$5000≤ and <$10000  12%, ≥$10000  15%

bal = 15000 * rand bal = 15000 * rand

if bal < 5000: if bal < 5000:
rate = 0.09 rate = 0.09
if bal >= 5000 and bal < 10000: if bal >= 5000:
rate = 0.12 if bal < 10000:
if bal >= 10000: rate = 0.12
rate = 0.15 # else statement 도 가능
end if bal >= 10000:
newbal = bal + rate * bal rate = 0.15
print( 'Rate & New balance is: ' ) end
print( rate, newbal ) newbal = bal + rate * bal
print( 'Rate & New balance is: ' )
print( rate, newbal )
 Example
• balance = eval(input( 'Enter bank balance: (0~1000)' ))
• If balance is lower than 100 then compute the 100-balance.
• If balance is higher than 100 and lower than 300 then compute the
300-balance.
• If balance is higher than 300 and lower than 500 then compute the
500-balance.
• If balance is higher than 500 then compute the 1000-balance.
• Use if and nested if
 Input Validation with if-elif-else State-
ments
• Example 9: Program uses the method is-
digit to guard against improper input.
 Input Validation with if-elif-else State-
ments
• Example 9: Program uses the method is-
digit to guard against improper input.
 if-else Statements
• Example 1: Program finds larger of two
numbers input by user.
 if-else Statements

FIGURE 3.1 Flowchart for the if-else statement in Example 1.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.,

Hoboken, NJ.  All rights reserved.
 if-else Statements
• Example 2: if-else statement in program
has relational operators in its condition.
 if Statements

• The else part of an if-else statement can

be omitted
• When the condition is false
– Execution continues with line after the if
statement block
 if Statements
• Example 3: Program contains two if
statements
 if Statements

FIGURE 3.2 Flowchart for Example 3.

 Nested if-else Statements
• Indented blocks of if-else and if statements can
contain other if-else and if statements
– The if-else statements are said to be nested
• Consider the task of interpreting a beacon
– The color of the beacon light atop Boston’s
old John Hancock building forecasts the
weather
 Nested if-else Statements
• Example 4: Program requests a color
(Blue or Red) and a mode (Steady or
Flashing) as input
– Then displays the weather forecast
 Nested if-else Statements
• Example 4: Program requests a color
(Blue or Red) and a mode (Steady or
Flashing) as input
– Then displays the weather forecast
 Nested if-else Statements
• Example 5: Program requests costs, rev-
enue for company
– Displays “Break even”, profit, or loss
 Nested if-else Statements
• Example 5: Program requests costs, rev-
enue for company
– Displays “Break even”, profit, or loss
 The elif Clause
• Allows for more than two possible alter-
natives with inclusion of elif clauses.
 The elif Clause
• Example 6: Program reports if the two
numbers are equal.
 The elif Clause
• Example 7: Program calculates a single
employee’s FICA tax withheld.
 The elif Clause
• Example 7: Program calculates a single
employee’s FICA tax withheld.
 The elif Clause
• Example 8: program assumes that the
user will graduate and determines if they
will graduate with honors.
 The elif Clause

Figure 3.3 Program and Flowchart for Example 8.

 True and False
• Example 10: Program illustrates truth
values of objects
 HW
• 26(if-else), 30(if-else), 32(if-elseif),
34(nested if), 35(if-and-or), 36(if-and-or),
37(if-elif) 40(if-ifelse  if-if), 43(nested if)