Multimedia 4

4
SOUND
Dr. Ahmed Mounir

[email protected]
Content 2
 Definition of Sound
 Characteristic of Sound Waves
 Frequency
 Amplitude
 Capture & Playback of Digital Audio

 Analogue to Digital Audio
 Digital Audio
 Quality Factors for Digital Audio File
 Digital Audio Types
 Monophonic
 Stereophonic
 Calculate Sound File Size

 Audio File Formats
 Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
 MIDI Versus Digital Audio
 Data Rate & Bandwidth in Sample Audio Applications
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Using Audio
 Review Questions
Definition of Sound 3
 Vibrations in the air create waves of pressure that are perceived as sound.
 Sound comprises the spoken word, voices, music and even noise.
 Sound waves vary in sound pressure level (amplitude) and in frequency or pitch.
 ‘Acoustics’ is the branch of physics that studies sound.
 Sound pressure levels (loudness or volume) are measured in decibels (dB).
Something vibrates Waves of pressure Ear drums will translate these

in the air changes in wave Forms as sound
Characteristic of Sound Waves 4
 The unit of regularity is called a cycle. This is known as Hertz (or Hz)
 One cycle = 1 Hz
 Sometimes written as kHz or kiloHertz (1 kHz = 1000 Hz)
 Sound is described in terms of two characteristics:
 Frequency (or pitch)
 Amplitude (or loudness)
Frequency 5
 Frequency is a measure of how many cycles occur in one second. This is measured in
Hertz (abbreviation Hz) and directly corresponds to the pitch of a sound.
 The more frequent vibration occurs the higher the pitch of the sound.
 Optimally, people can hear from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (20 kHz)
 Sounds below 20 Hz are infrasonic
 sounds above 20 kHz are ultrasonic.
Low pitch High pitch

Amplitude 6
 Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from an equilibrium position.

 The louder a sound, the more energy it has. This means loud sounds have a large
amplitude.
 The amplitude relates to how loud a sound is.
Quiet Loud
Low amplitude High Amplitude

Capture & Playback of Digital Audio 7
Air pressure
variations Digital to
Analogue
Convert Converter
s back
into DAC
Captured via voltage
microphone
Signal is
converted into
binary
Analogue (discrete form)
to Digital ADC 0101001101 Air pressure
Converter 0110101111 variations
Analogue to Digital Audio 8
 Analogue audio
 The name for an electronic signal that carries its information of sound as continuous fluctuating
voltage value.
 Stored in non digital tape or audio tape recording of sound.
 Digitizing: the process of converting an analog signal to a digital one.
 A sound is recorded by making a measurement of the amplitude of the sound at regular

intervals which are defined by the "sampling rate“ (frequent of sample point taken).
 The process of taking the measurement is called "sampling" and each measurement is called
a "sample point".
Digital Audio 9
 Digital audio - data are stored in the form of samples point.

 Samples represent the amplitude (or loudness) of sound at a discrete point in time.
 Quality of digital recording depends on the sampling rate, the number of samples
point taken per second (Hz).
 There are three sampling frequencies most often used in multimedia are 44.1 kHz,
22.05 kHz and 11.025 kHz.
 The higher the sampling rate, the more the measurements are taken (better quality).
 The lower the sampling rate, the lesser the measurements are taken (low quality).
 The number of bits used to describe the amplitude of sound wave when sampled,
determines the sample size.
Digital Audio 10
waveform
High Sampling Rate Low Sampling Rate

Quality Factors for Digital Audio File 11
 Quality factors for digital audio file :

 Sampling Rate : is the number of times the sample is taken.
 Sample Size (resolution) : the number of bits used to record the value of a sample
in a digitized signal.
Sampling Rate Sample size

Quality Factors for Digital Audio File 12
 Other than that, it also depends on:

 The quality of original audio source.
 The quality of capture device & supporting hardware.
 The characteristics used for capture.
 The capability of the playback environment.
Digital Audio Types 13
 Two types:
 Monophonic
 Stereophonic
Monophonic 14
 Commonly called mono sound, mono, or non-stereo

sound, this early sound system used a single channel of
audio for sound output.
 Monophonic sound is the most basic format of sound
output.
 Mono (monophonic, or monaural) is sound from a single
source.
 All speakers in a mono system (like an intercom) will
carry the same signal.
Stereophonic 15
 Commonly called stereo sound or just stereo,

stereophonic sound divides sounds across two channels
(recorded on two separate sources) then the recorded
sounds are mixed so that some elements are channeled to
the left and others to the right.
 Stereo (stereophonic) is sound from two sources, ideally
spaced apart, and reproduces sound the way we hear it
naturally, with two ears.
Calculate Sound File Size 16
 Sound File Size = Sample rate x sample size x channel x

duration
 Example 1: Calculate how much storage space is needed

to record a 16-bit, 44.1khz, stereo music for a duration of
30 seconds.
Sound file size = 44100 x 2 x 2 x 30
= 5292000 bytes
 Example 2: Calculate how much storage space is needed

to record a 8-bit, 11khz, mono sound for a duration of 10
seconds.
Sound file size = 11000 x 1 x 1 x 10
= 110000 bytes
Audio File Formats 19
•Wav audio (.wav)

•MP3 audio (.mp3)
•AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format)
•Real audio (.ra, rm)
•MIDI (.mid)
•Windows Media (.wma)
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) 20
 Before there was a wide use of mp3 and high bandwidth network, MIDI format audio is
popular when an audio is required to be put on a website.
 Provides a standard and efficient, means of conveying musical performance information as
electronic data.
 MIDI is a shorthand representation of music stored in numeric form.
 It is in the form of music score and not samples or recording. It is not digitized sound.
 Purposely for music
 A sequencer software and sound synthesizer is required in order to create MIDI scores.
 MIDI is device dependent.
 Since they are small, MIDI files embedded in web pages load and play promptly.
 Length of a MIDI file can be changed without affecting the pitch of the music or degrading
audio quality.
 Working with MIDI requires knowledge of music theory.
MIDI Versus Digital Audio 21
 MIDI is analogous to structured or vector graphics, while digitized

audio is analogous to bitmapped images.
 MIDI is device dependent while digitized audio is device
independent.
 MIDI files are much smaller than digitized audio.
 MIDI files sound better than digital audio files when played on a
high-quality MIDI device.
 With MIDI, it is difficult to playback spoken dialog, while digitized
audio can do so with ease.
 MIDI does not have consistent playback quality while digital audio
provides consistent playback quality.
 One requires knowledge of music theory in order to run MIDI, while
digital audio does not have this requirement.
Data Rate & Bandwidth in Sample 22
Audio Applications
Advantages & Disadvantages of Using Audio 23
Sound adds life to any multimedia application and plays

important role in effective marketing presentations.
Advantages
 Ensure important information is noticed.
 Add interest.
 Can communicate more directly than other media.
Disadvantages
 Easily overused.
 Requires special equipment for quality production.
 Not as memorable as visual media.
Review Questions 24
 Discuss the characteristics of sound waves.

 Discuss how to capture & playback of digital audio.
 Discuss the different types of digital audio.
 What are the digital audio file formats?
 Compare between MIDI and digital audio.
 What are the advantages & disadvantages of using
audio?

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4

Dr. Ahmed Mounir

 Capture & Playback of Digital Audio

 Calculate Sound File Size

Something vibrates Waves of pressure Ear drums will translate these

Low pitch High pitch

 Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from an equilibrium position.

Low amplitude High Amplitude

 A sound is recorded by making a measurement of the amplitude of the sound at regular

 Digital audio - data are stored in the form of samples point.

High Sampling Rate Low Sampling Rate

 Quality factors for digital audio file :

Sampling Rate Sample size

 Other than that, it also depends on:

 Commonly called mono sound, mono, or non-stereo

 Commonly called stereo sound or just stereo,

 Sound File Size = Sample rate x sample size x channel x

 Example 1: Calculate how much storage space is needed

 Example 2: Calculate how much storage space is needed

•Wav audio (.wav)

 MIDI is analogous to structured or vector graphics, while digitized

Sound adds life to any multimedia application and plays

 Discuss the characteristics of sound waves.

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