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MCS M e 2

A digital signal is a composite signal with an infinite bandwidth. Digital transmission needs a low-pass channel; analog transmission can use a bandpass channel. The maximum bit rate can be calculated using both noiseless channel and noisy channel limits.

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31 views24 pages

MCS M e 2

A digital signal is a composite signal with an infinite bandwidth. Digital transmission needs a low-pass channel; analog transmission can use a bandpass channel. The maximum bit rate can be calculated using both noiseless channel and noisy channel limits.

Uploaded by

Usman Mahmood
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physical Layer

Continue Lecture

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Chapter 3 of Data Communication & Networks Author by Behrouz A. Forouzan

Fundamental of Signals
Continue Lecture
McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

3.3 Digital Signals Bit Interval and Bit Rate As a Composite Analog Signal Through Wide-Bandwidth Medium Through Band-Limited Medium Versus Analog Bandwidth Higher Bit Rate
McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 3.16 A digital signal

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Example 6
A digital signal has a bit rate of 2000 bps. What is the duration of each bit (bit interval)

Solution
The bit interval is the inverse of the bit rate. Bit interval = 1/ 2000 s = 0.000500 s = 0.000500 x 106 s = 500 s

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 3.17 Bit rate and bit interval

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The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 3.18 Digital versus analog

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Note: A digital signal is a composite signal with an infinite bandwidth.

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Table 3.12 Bandwidth Requirement


Bit Rate Harmonic 1 Harmonics 1, 3 Harmonics 1, 3, 5 Harmonics 1, 3, 5, 7

1 Kbps 10 Kbps 100 Kbps

500 Hz 5 KHz 50 KHz

2 KHz 20 KHz 200 KHz

4.5 KHz 45 KHz 450 KHz

8 KHz 80 KHz 800 KHz

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Note: The bit rate and the bandwidth are proportional to each other.

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

3.4 Analog versus Digital

Low-pass versus Band-pass Digital Transmission Analog Transmission

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 3.19 Low-pass and band-pass

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Note: The analog bandwidth of a medium is expressed in hertz; the digital bandwidth, in bits per second.

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Note: Digital transmission needs a low-pass channel.

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Note: Analog transmission can use a bandpass channel.

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

3.5 Data Rate Limit

Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity Using Both Limits
McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Example 7
Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting a signal with two signal levels. The maximum bit rate can be calculated as

Bit Rate = 2 3000 log2 2 = 6000 bps

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Example 8
Consider the same noiseless channel, transmitting a signal with four signal levels (for each level, we send two bits). The maximum bit rate can be calculated as:

Bit Rate = 2 x 3000 x log2 4 = 12,000 bps

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Example 9
Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the value of the signal-to-noise ratio is almost zero. In other words, the noise is so strong that the signal is faint. For this channel the capacity is calculated as C = B log2 (1 + SNR) = B log2 (1 + 0) = B log2 (1) = B 0 = 0

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Example 10
We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a regular telephone line. A telephone line normally has a bandwidth of 3000 Hz (300 Hz to 3300 Hz). The signal-tonoise ratio is usually 3162. For this channel the capacity is calculated as C = B log2 (1 + SNR) = 3000 log2 (1 + 3162) = 3000 log2 (3163) C = 3000 11.62 = 34,860 bps

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Example 11
We have a channel with a 1 MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this channel is 63; what is the appropriate bit rate and signal level?

Solution
First, we use the Shannon formula to find our upper limit.
C = B log2 (1 + SNR) = 106 log2 (1 + 63) = 106 log2 (64) = 6 Mbps

Then we use the Nyquist formula to find the number of signal levels.
4 Mbps = 2 1 MHz log2 L L = 4
McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

3.6 Transmission Impairment

Attenuation Distortion Noise

(The gradual loss of intensity of any kind of flux)

(is the alteration of the original shape )

(a random fluctuation in an electrical signal)

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 3.20 Impairment types

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The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

Figure 3.21 Attenuation

McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

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