Object Oriented

Programming
CHAPTER - 3

Inheritanc
e
 Objective
s
After studying this chapter, students should be able to learn:
 Basics of Inheritance

 Types of Inheritance

 The protected modifier

 Super and final java key words

 Benefits of inheritance

 Aggregation

 Polymorphism and its types

 Method Overloading vs. Overriding

 The Abstract class

 Review Questions
 Inheritanc
e
 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is popular because:
• It enables reuse of previous code saved as classes
 All Java classes are arranged in a hierarchy
• Object is the superclass of all Java classes
 Inheritance and hierarchical organization capture idea:
• One thing is a refinement or extension of another
 Reusability - building new classes by utilizing existing classes.
 Inheritanc
e
 It is always good/“productive” if we are able to reuse something that is
already exists rather than creating the same all over again.
 This is achieved by creating new classes, reusing the data members and
methods of existing classes.
 This mechanism of deriving a new class from existing/old class is called
“inheritance”.
 The old class is known as “base” class, “super” class or “parent” class”;
and the new class is known as “sub” class, “derived” class, or “child”
class.
 Inheritanc
e

Parent

Inherited capability

Child
 Inheritanc
e
superclass = parent class OR base class
subclass = child class OR derived class
Example Cont.
Inheritanc
…
e
 Inheritanc
e
Inheritance relationships often are shown graphically in a UML class
diagram, with an arrow with an open arrow head pointing to the parent
class.
Vehicle

Car

Inheritance should create an is-a relationship, meaning the child is a

more specific version of the parent.
 Declaring
Declaringsub
Sub
classes
classes
In Java, we use the reserved word extends to establish an inheritance
relationship

Example
 Declaring sub
classes

subclass superclass
or extends or
derived class base class
Inheritance -
Declaring Sub
example
classes
 Types of
inheritance
The different types of inheritances are:
• Single inheritance (only one super class)

• Multiple inheritance (several super classes, not supported by Java)

• Hierarchical inheritance (one super class, many sub classes)

• Multi-Level inheritance (derived from a derived class)

• Hybrid inheritance (more than two types)

• Multi-path inheritance (inheritance of some properties from two sources).

 Types of
inheritance
A A B A

B C B C D
(a) Single Inheritance (b) Multiple Inheritance (c) Hierarchical Inheritance

A A A

B C B C
B

C D D
(d) Multi-Level Inheritance (e) Hybrid Inheritance (f) Multipath Inheritance
Single inheritance
example
Single inheritance example (cont
…)
Single inheritance example (cont
…)

output
Multilevel Inheritance
example
Multilevel Inheritance
example(cont…)

output
 Multiple
inheritance
 Multiple inheritance allows a class to be derived from two or more
classes, inheriting the members of all parents
 Collisions, such as the same variable name in two parents, have to
be
resolved
 Java does not support multiple inheritance
 In most cases, the use of interfaces gives us aspects of multiple
inheritance without the overhead.
 The protected
modifier

 Visibility modifiers determine which class members are inherited and

which are not
 Variables and methods declared with public visibility are inherited; those
with private visibility are not
 But public variables violate the principle of encapsulation

 There is a third visibility modifier that helps in inheritance situations:

protected
 Cont.
….

The protected visibility modifier allows a member of a base class to be

accessed in the child.
• protected visibility provides more encapsulation than public does

• protected visibility is not as tightly encapsulated as private

visibility
 The use “super”
of keyword
 “super” is a keyword used to refer to hidden variables of super class
from sub class.
• super.a=a;
 It is used to call a constructor of super class from constructor of sub
class
which should be first statement.
• super(a,b);
 It is used to call a super class method from sub class method to avoid
redundancy of code
• super.addNumbers(a, b);
 The use of “super”
keyword
 Why is super needed to access super-class members?
 When a sub-class declares the variables or methods with the same names and
types as its super-class:

 The re-declared variables/methods hide those of the super-class.

The use “super”
of keyword
 The use “super”
of keyword
 Although the i variable in B hides the i variable in A, super allows
access to the hidden variable of the super-class:
 Using final keyword with
Inheritance
 final keyword is used to declare constants which can not change its
value of definition.
 final variables can not change its value.
 final methods can not be Overridden.
 final Classes can not be extended or inherited
 Preventing Overriding with
final
 A method declared final cannot be overridden in any sub-class:
 Preventing Overriding with
final
 A class declared final cannot be inherited and has no sub-classes.
final class A { … }
 This class declaration is considered illegal:
class B extends A { … }
 Declaring a class final implicitly declares all its methods final.
 The Benefits of
Inheritance
 Code reusability:- Inheritance automates the process of reusing the
code of the super classes in the subclasses.
 With inheritance, an object can inherit its more general properties

from its parent object, and that saves the redundancy in

programming.
 Code maintenance:- Organizing code into hierarchical classes
makes
its maintenance and management easier.
 The Benefits of
Inheritance
 Implementing OOP:- Inheritance helps to implement the basic OOP
philosophy to adapt computing to the problem and not the other way
around, because entities (objects) in the real world are often organized
into a hierarchy.
 Increased Reliability :-(resulting from reuse and sharing of well-
tested code)
 Aggregatio
n
 Aggregation in Java is a relationship between two classes that is best
described as a "has-a" and "whole/part" relationship.
 It is a more specialized version of the association relationship. The
aggregate class contains a reference to another class and is said to have
ownership of that class.
 Each class referenced is considered to be part-of the aggregate class.
 For example, if you imagine that a Student class that stores information
about individual students at a school. Now assume a Subject class that
holds the details about a particular subject
 Aggregatio
n

 If the Student class is defined to contain a Subject object then it can be

said that the Student object has-a Subject object.
 The Subject object also makes up part-of the Student object after
all, there is no student without a subject to study. The Student object,
therefore, owns the Subject object.
Aggregatio
n
 Polymorphis
m
 Polymorphism came from the two Greek words „poly‟ means many and
morph means forms i.e. many forms
 If the same method has ability to take more than one form to perform
several tasks then it is called polymorphism.
 A polymorphic reference is a variable that can refer to different types
of
objects at different points in time.
 It is of two types: Static Polymorphism and Dynamic
Polymorphism.
 Static
Polymorphism
 Static Polymorphism:
 The polymorphism exhibited at compile time is called Static

polymorphism.
 Here the compiler knows which method is called at the

compilation. This is also called compile time polymorphism or

static binding.
 Achieving method overloading & method overriding using

private, static and final methods is an example of Static

Polymorphism.
Static
Polymorphism
 Dynamic
Polymorphism
 The polymorphism exhibited at run time is called dynamic
polymorphism.
 In this dynamic polymorphism a method call is linked
with method
body at the time of execution by JVM.
 Java compiler does not know which method is called at the time of
compilation. This is also known as dynamic binding or run time
polymorphism.
 Method overloading and method overriding are examples of Dynamic
Polymorphism in Java. Provided that the methods are instance
method.
Dynamic
Polymorphism
 Dynamic Polymorphism using method
overriding
Writing two or more methods in super & sub classes with same name and same
signatures is called method overriding.
In method overriding JVM executes a method depending on the type of the
object.
Dynamic Polymorphism using method
overriding
 Overloading Vs
Overriding
 Overloading deals with multiple  Overriding deals with two methods,
methods in the same class with the one in a parent class and the other one
same name but different in a child class, with the same
signatures method name and
signatures/parameters.
 Overloading lets you define
 Overriding lets you define a similar
a similar operation in different
operation in different ways for different
ways
object types
for different data.
 Abstract
class
 A method with method body is called concrete method. In general any
class will have all concrete methods.
 A method without method body is called abstract method. A class that
contains abstract method is called abstract class. i.e. An abstract class
is a class with zero or more abstract methods
 It is possible to implement the abstract methods differently in the
subclasses of an abstract class.
 Abstract
class
 These different implementations will help the programmer to perform
different tasks depending on the need of the sub classes.
 Moreover, the common members of the abstract class are also shared by
the sub classes.
 The abstract methods and abstract class should be declared using the
keyword abstract.
 We cannot create objects to abstract class because it is having
incomplete code.
 Abstract
class
 Whenever an abstract class is created, subclass should be created to
it and the abstract methods should be implemented in the
subclasses, then we can create objects to the subclasses.
 Abstract class reference can be used to refer to the objects of its
sub classes.
 Abstract class references cannot refer to the individual methods
of sub classes.
 A class cannot be both „abstract‟ & „final‟ simultaneously
 So, it is illegal to declare a class as both abstract and final. Why?
e.g.: final abstract class A{} // invalid
Abstract
class
Abstract
class
 Review
Questions
1. What is inheritance?
2. What is the purpose of super keyword?
3. Which class is at the top of the class hierarchy in Java?
4. What are the constructor issues surrounding inheritance?
5. What is method overriding?
6. Using aggregation, show the relationship between Address and
Employee class.
7. Describe the two types of polymorphisms with example
8. What is the purpose of “final” java key word
9. Describe basic properties of abstract classes.
Thank You !