MINERAL

R ES O U R C E S
PAKISTAN STUDIES
What are rocks?
What are the different types of Rocks?
What are minerals?
How are the minerals extracted?

BRAINSTORMING
INTRODUCTION
l a r e ino rg a n ic n a tu ra l
Minera a tural
n c e s a nd o n e o f th e n
substa
resources of a country.

o b ta ine d fr om u nd er the
They are
surface of the earth.
LE TS W A TC H
THE VIDEO
TYPES OF ROCKS
THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES OF ROCKS.
1. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
  THESE ROCKS ARE FORMED FROM PARTICLES OF SAND,
SHELLS, PEBBLES, AND OTHER FRAGMENTS OF MATERIAL.
TOGETHER, ALL THESE PARTICLES ARE CALLED SEDIMENT.
2. METAMORPHIC ROCKS:
A METAMORPHIC ROCK IS A TYPE OF ROCK WHICH HAS BEEN
CHANGED BY EXTREME HEAT AND PRESSURE. ITS NAME IS FROM
'MORPH‘ MEANING FORM), AND 'META‘(MEANING CHANGE). THE
ORIGINAL ROCK GETS HEATED (TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN 150
TO 200 °C) AND PRESSURED (1500 BARS). THIS CAUSES PROFOUND
PHYSICAL AND/OR CHEMICAL CHANGE.
3. IGNEOUS ROCK
  OR MAGMATIC ROCK, IS ONE OF THE THREE
MAIN ROCK TYPES, IGNEOUS ROCK IS FORMED THROUGH THE
COOLING AND SOLIDIFICATION OF MAGMA OR LAVA.
 L E T S R OC K
F T HE R O C K SH O W N A B O VE
S O
TRY TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE
 1. SOME MINERALS ARE ORIGINALLY FORMED FROM HOT
MAGMA, WHICH CONTAINS THE MINERALS. WHEN THE
MAGMA COOLS, CRYSTALS OF MINERALS APPEAR. MOST
MINERAL ARE FORMED UNDERGROUND WHEN HEAT
AND PRESSURE TRANSFORM ONE FORM OF THE ROCK
HOW INTO ANOTHER.

MINERALS 2. SOME MINERALS ARE FORMED NEAR OR ON THE

ARE SURFACE. THESE OCCUR WHEN MINERAL-RICH FLUIDS,

SUCH AS SILICA-BEARING WATER, EVAPORATE. THE CAN

FORMED ALSO BE FORMED WHEN VOLCANIC ROCK ARE BROKEN

DOWN BY THE ACTION OF WATER AND WIND.

3. MANY MINERALS FORM CRYSTALS. THE SHAPE OF A

CRYSTAL IS DETERMINED BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF ITS
ATOMS. IF THE CRYSTALS FROM SLOWLY THESE MAY
BECOME GEMSTONES.
 MINING PROCESSES
MINING IS PROCESS OF DIGGING ROCKS AND MINERAL FORM THE EARTH.

MINERALS ARE FOUND AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS.

THERE ARE THREE MAIN METHODS OF MINING.

1. OPEN-CAST MINING

2. ADIT MINING

3. SHAFT MINING
 OPEN-CAST MINING
SOME MINERALS LIKE COAL AND IRON OFTEN LIE NEAR THE SURFACE.

OPEN-CAST MINING SCOOPS UP THESE MINERALS FROM NEAR THE SURFACE.

THE MINERALS BEARING ROCKS ARE STRIPPED OFF BY GIANT EXCAVATORS AND POWER
SHOVELS.

AFTER THIS MATERIAL IS LOADED INTO LORRIES OR RAILWAY WAGONS TO BE CARRIED

AWAY.
OPEN-CAST MINING
 UNDERGROUND MINING

THERE ARE TWO METHODS TO ACCESS MINERALS UNDERGROUND.

a. ADIT MINING

b. SHAFT MINING
 An adit is an opening passage.

Adit mining is done in hilly districts where

a mineral seam is exposed on a hillside.

ADIT MINING After the coal is dug out of an opening on

the hillside, the miners create a passage as
they go deeper into the hill to dig out the
coal.
The passage may be horizontal or may
slope up or down depending on the angle
of the mineral seam.

Horizontal tunnels are dug into the side of

a valley or hill to reach the mineral
deposits.
INSIDE OF ADIT MINING
RAILWAY TRACK
IN
UNDERGROUND
MINING
 SHAFT MINING
• VERTICAL SHAFTS ARE DUG DOWN TO THE MINERALS, ESPECIALLY FOR COAL.

• TUNNELS ARE THEN DUG HORIZONTALLY TO THE LAYERS OR SEAMS OF THE

MINERAL WHICH IS THEN REMOVED THROUGH THE TUNNELS.

• THIS METHOD IS EXPENSIVE AND CAN BE DANGEROUS.

OPENING OF SHAFT MINING
ALL THREE TYPES OF MINING
PROBLEMS IN UNDERGROUND
MINING
For both adit and shaft Dangerous gases are also
mining consideration must present underground, with
be given to the problems of the risk of poisoning and
ventilation and explosions, causing the
underground transport. tunnel roofs to collapse.

Miners have been trapped

Another hazard in some
deep underground on
areas is flooding.
many occasions.
HOMEWORK
Students (individual) prepare the required to
make a brochure. (10 marks)

1. effects of Mining.
2. Digital print or hand made
2ND LESSON
PP#86-87
 I N G a) Name some different types of

R M minerals.

T O b) What are the uses of some

I N S main minerals.

RA c) Read the maps given on pg

B 90.
d) Explain why are these
minerals present in these
location
DIFFERENCE B/W METALLIC AND NON-
METALLIC MINERALS
Metallic Minerals Examples of Metallic Non-metallic Minerals Examples of Non-
Minerals metallic Minerals

Economically more valuable  Iron Ore Economically less valuable except for  Coal
the power resources.  Sulphur
 Copper e.g. oil, coal, natural gas.
 Antimony  Rock Salt
 Barite
 Chromite  Gypsum
Generally hard, tough and  Celestite Softer, rough and may not shine.  Soapstone
shiny
 Manganese  Fluorite
 Gold  Limestone
Can change shape without  Silver Breaks away when shape is changed  Marble
breaking
 Tin (except oil and natural gas)  Clays
 bauxite
Can be stretched and Cannot be stretched or compressed
compressed (natural gas can by compressed into
liquid by cooling)

Many are good thermal and Poor thermal and electrical conductors.
electrical conductors

More reactive with water and Less reactive with water and acid
acid (except limestone and salt)
METALLIC
MINERALS
NON -
METALLIC
MINERALS
DESCRIPTION AND USES FROM
PG NO 87
3RD LESSON
BRAIN STORMING

• HOW TO EXECUTE A PROJECT IN CLASS WITH HELP OF DATA AND

MATERIALS ?
I N C LA S S P R O J E CT
DI S C U S S I O N
TEACHER WILL EXPLAIN USING TEXTBOOK DIFFERENT TOPICS AND DIVIDE
STUDENTS IN 4 TO 5 IN EACH GROUP ON CLASS-BASED PROJECT

Topics: mining processes

Types of mining processes
Metallic and non-metallic minerals (description and uses)
Mining and economic development
Problems of mining
Maps of different minerals in Pakistan
Protection of mining from mining Hazards.
RUBRIC FOR GRADING PROJECT
4TH LESSON
 CE ME NT M A KI NG
LET US NOW WATCH VIDEO
 M I N I NG A N D
ECONOMIC
DEV E LO P M E NT
 AGRICULTURAL USES
• MINERALS HELP TO PROMOTE THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR.

• CEMENT IS USED FOR LINING OF CANALS, MAKING DYKES IN AGRICULTURAL

FIELDS, BUILDING OF RESERVOIRS FOR IRRIGATION ETC.

• METALLIC MINERALS ARE USED FOR MAKING AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT,

TRACTORS, GATES OF THE BARRAGES ETC.
 INDUSTRIAL USES

• NON-METALLIC MINERALS SUCH AS LIMESTONE, GYPSUM, CLAYS ARE USED IN THE

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY SUCH AS PAVEMENT ALONGSIDE THE ROADS, BRIDGES,
HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS.

• THIS BOOSTS UP THE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY.

• METALLIC MINERALS ARE RATHER MORE PRECIOUS AS THEY ARE USED AS RAW
MATERIAL IN HIGH VALUE INDUSTRIES.

• IF METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC MINERALS ARE PRODUCED DOMESTICALLY, A

COUNTRY CAN HAVE SOUND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT. THAT CAN ENSURE MORE
REVENUE GENERATION FOR A COUNTRY ENSURING A SOUND ECONOMY.
 I N G Explain how
R M presence of minerals
T O
I N S in any country help it
RA grow economically.
B
MINING AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

Development of the mining sector is essential

for the economic development of Pakistan.

Extraction of more mineral resources may bring

the following economic benefits to Pakistan.
EMPLOYMENT IN THE MINING
INDUSTRY
DEVELOPMENT OF THE
MINING SECTOR CAN
PROVIDES EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITIES IN MINING
INDUSTRIES AND OTHER
MINERAL-BASED
INDUSTRIES.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
• SOME OF NON-METALLIC MINERALS SUCH AS COAL, OIL AND
NATURAL GAS HELP TO PRODUCE THERMAL ELECTRICITY.

• IF A COUNTRY MAKES MAXIMUM USE OF THESE MINERALS, AN

ELECTRICITY CRISIS CAN AVOIDED.

• FOR EXAMPLE, IF THAR COAL FIELDS ARE FULLY UTILIZED,

PAKISTAN’S ELECTRICITY PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED TO A GREAT
EXTENT.
IMPROVING BALANCE OF PAYMENT

1. EXPORT OF METALLIC MINERALS AND MINERAL PRODUCTS HAVE VALUE IN

THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET. THIS WILL INCREASE THE VALUE OF
EXPORTS AND INCREASE FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNING.
2. IF PAKISTAN PRODUCES MINERALS FOR ITS INDUSTRIES DOMESTICALLY,
IT MIGHT NOT NEED TO IMPORT VALUABLE MINERALS.
THAT WILL SAVE THE PRECIOUS FOREIGN EXCHANGE
RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN.
DEVELO P ME NT OF R EMO T E
AREAS

ER AL S S UCH AS COAL, NATURAL GAS,

• EXTRACTION OF MIN
C., PR OM OTES ECONOMIC
COPPER, CH ROM ITE ET
AREAS.
DEVELOPMENT OF REMOTE
INCREASE IN GDP (GROSS
DOMESTIC PRODUCT)

• PRODUCTION OF MINERALS WILL EVENTUALLY INCREASE A COUNTRY’S

DOMESTIC INCOME AND WILL IMPROVE ITS FINANCIAL POSITION.
5 & 6 LESSON
TH TH
IN CLASS PROJECT

•TOPICS: MINING PROCESSES

• TYPES OF MINING PROCESSES
• METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC MINERALS (DESCRIPTION AND USES)
• MINING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• PROBLEMS OF MINING
• MAPS OF DIFFERENT MINERALS IN PAKISTAN
• PROTECTION OF MINING FROM MINING HAZARDS.
7 LESSON
TH
PROBLEMS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY
THE PRESENCE OF MINERAL DEPOSITS DOES NOT MEAN THAT A
COUNTRY IS MAKING USE OF ALL THE MINERAL RESOURCES.

THERE ARE CERTAIN PROBLEMS DUE WITCH THE MINERAL

DEPOSITS CANNOT BE PUT INTO USE FOR DEVELOPMENT.

1. LACK OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES:

PAKISTAN DOES NOT HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO INVEST IN THE
EXPLORATION OF MINERALS.
A NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS ARE WORKING ON IT BUT THEIR
EFFORTS ARE NOT VERY SUCCESSFUL DUE TO LACK OF FINANCIAL
RESOURCES.
PROBLEMS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY
2. LACK OF TECHNICAL EXPERTS:
MINING REQUIRES HIGH-TECH EXPERTS WITH THEORETICAL AND
PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE OF GEOLOGY, COMPUTERIZES MINING OPERATION,
SPECIALIZED MINING MACHINERY ETC.
IN PAKISTAN VERY FEW TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS PRODUCE SUCH
PROFESSIONALS. AS A RESULT WE HAVE TO HIRE TECHNICAL EXPERTS FROM
OTHER COUNTRIES.
3. INACCESSIBLE MINERAL DEPOSITS:
MOST OF THE METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC MINERALS IN PAKISTAN ARE
FOUND IN THOSE AREAS WHERE TRANSPORT LINKS ARE POORLY DEVELOPED.
FOR EXAMPLE COAL, COPPER, SULPHUR, NATURAL GAS, CHROMITE ARE
FOUND IN BALOCHISTAN.THIS PROVINCE HAS POOR INFRASTRUCTURE AND
LOW POPULATION DENSITY. THEREFORE MOST OF THE MINERALS CANNOT BE
EXPLOITED DU TO THEIR INACCESSIBILITY.
PROBLEMS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY
4. SECURITY OF MINING COMPANIES:

THIS ISSUE HAS BEEN CREATED AFTER 9/11 DUE TO THE INCREASE IN
TERRORISTS ACTIVITIES IN PAKISTAN.

MANY OF THE FOREIGN MINING COMPANIES ARE RELUCTANT TO CARRY OUT THEIR
MINING OPERATIONS IN PAKISTAN DUE TO THE POSSIBLE TERRORIST ATTACKS ON
THEIR EMPLOYEES.

5. INSTITUTIONAL MISMANAGEMENT:

MINERAL OFFICES ARE VICTIMS OF CORRUPTION AND LOW STANDARDS OF

WORK. THIS HAS RESULTED IN LOW PRODUCTIVITY IN THE MINING SECTOR.

FOR EXAMPLE, THAR COAL RESERVES WERE DISCOVERED IN 1998 BUT UP TILL NOW
ELECTRICITY GENERATION HAS NOT BEEN STARTED DUE TO CONFLICTS AND
ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS.
PROBLEMS OF THE MINING INDUSTRY
6. LOW PRIORITY GIVEN TO MINERAL EXCAVATION:
MINING SECTOR REQUIRES:
a. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT (TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, TELEPHONE LINES,
WATER SUPPLY ETC)
b. HIGH COST MINING MACHINERY.
c. HI-TECH KNOWLEDGE.
d. A LARGE INDUSTRIAL MARKET TO EXPLOIT MINERALS.
e. TRAINING OF MINERS ON MODERN LINES.
THE MINING SECTOR IS SOMEWHAT IGNORED BY THE HIGHER AUTHORITIES.
IDENTIFICATION OF MAPS OF
NON-METALLIC AND METALLIC OF
MINERALS IN PAKISTAN
PG NO 90
EFFECTS OF THE
MINING
INDUSTRY ON
THE
ENVIRONMENT
PG 91-92.

(TRY TO IDENTIFY AS
MANY AS YOU CAN)
 EFFECTS OF MINING ON THE
ENVIRONMENT
MINERALS ARE PART OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT BUT WHEN PEOPLE TAKE THEM FROM THE EARTH AND USE
THEM, THEY MAKE CHANGES TO THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.

1. WHEN MINERALS ARE EXTRACTED, THE VEGETATION HAS TO BE CUT DOWN WHICH RESULTS IN SOIL
EXPOSURE AND NATURAL LANDSCAPE IS DEFORMED.
2. IN ORDER TO PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES TO THE MINERS, ROADS AND HOUSES ARE
CONSTRUCTED.
3. DURING THE MINING PROCESS, ROCKS ARE BLASTED WHICH RESULTS IN VIBRATION AND NOISE POLLUTION.
4. IN UNDERGROUND MINING THE EARTH IS DUG. IF THE DEPRESSIONS ARE NOT FILLED , THEY MAY BECOME
FLOODED BY HEAVY RAINFALL.
8 LESSON
TH
SOLUTION OF MINING OF
PAKISTAN
PG NO 93 FROM TEXTBOOK
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND MINING
TO HAVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MINING SECTOR, THE FOLLOWING MEASURE
SHOULD BE TAKEN.

1. THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD CONSIDER THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

WHEN MAKING POLICIES WHICH AFFECT THE MINERALS AND METALS INDUSTRY.
2. THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE THE INDUSTRY’S
COMPETITIVENESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
3. THE DISCHARGE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND THE RELEASE OF HEAT, IN SUCH QUANTITIES
OR CONCENTRATIONS WHICH IS HARMFUL TO ENVIRONMENT, SHOULD BE STRICTLY
CHECKED IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT SERIOUS OR IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE IS NOT
INFLICTED UPON ECOSYSTEMS.