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Module 04 - Geo Spatial Data

This document provides information on geo spatial data and GIS data models. It discusses that GIS uses geographic data and attribute data which can come from the same source, such as census data. Raster data models represent imagery and land usage data as grids of pixels. Vector data can use different topological models like arc-node, polygon-arc, and polygon topology to represent geographic features. Raster data can be lossy or lossless formats, and different encoding models like cell-by-cell, run length, and quad tree are used to store raster data. Map algebra is used to perform local, focal, and zonal operations on spatial data.

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Ashutosh Pathak
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51 views

Module 04 - Geo Spatial Data

This document provides information on geo spatial data and GIS data models. It discusses that GIS uses geographic data and attribute data which can come from the same source, such as census data. Raster data models represent imagery and land usage data as grids of pixels. Vector data can use different topological models like arc-node, polygon-arc, and polygon topology to represent geographic features. Raster data can be lossy or lossless formats, and different encoding models like cell-by-cell, run length, and quad tree are used to store raster data. Map algebra is used to perform local, focal, and zonal operations on spatial data.

Uploaded by

Ashutosh Pathak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geo Spatial Data

GIS Data

 GIS uses and integrates two types of data: geographic data and
attribute data.
 Sometimes the source of both geographic and attribute data are one
in the same.
 For instance, the US Bureau of Census (http://www.census.gov)
distributes geographic boundary files (e.g., census tract level, county
level, state level) as well as the associated attribute data (e.g.,
population, race/ethnicity, income).
GIS Data

 Satellite imagery data from the National


Aeronautics and Space Administration
(http://www.nasa.gov)
 Land usage data from the United States Geological
Survey (http://www.usgs.gov)
Raster Data Models

 The raster data model is widely used in applications ranging


far beyond geographic information systems (GISs)
 The ubiquitous JPEG, BMP, and TIFF file formats (among
others) are
based on the raster data model
 If you zoom deeply into the image, you will notice that it is
composed of an array of tiny square pixels (or picture elements)
 Each of these uniquely colored pixels, when viewed as a whole,
combines to form a coherent image
Raster Data Models

Digital Picture with Zoomed Inset Showing Pixilation of Raster Image


Raster Data Models

 All liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitors are based on raster
technology as they are composed of a set number of rows and
columns of pixels
 The neoimpressionist artist, Georges Seurat, developed a painting
technique referred to as “pointillism” in the 1880s, which similarly
relies on the amassing of small, monochromatic “dots” of ink that
combine to form a larger image
Raster Data Models

Pointillist Artwork
Raster Data Models
 The raster data model consists of rows and columns of equally sized pixels
interconnected to form a planar surface. These pixels are used as building
blocks for creating points, lines, areas, networks, and surfaces.
 Because of the reliance on a uniform series of square pixels, the raster
data model is referred to as a grid-based system.
 The data type for that cell value can be either integer or floating-point.
 A raster model with pixels representing 10 m by 10 m (or 100 square
meters) in the real world would be said to have a spatial resolution of 10
m; a raster model with pixels measuring 1 km by 1 km (1 square
kilometer) in the real world would be said to have a spatial resolution of 1
km.
Raster Data Models
CELL
Raster Data Models
COLUMN

ROW
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models (Resolution)
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models

When a raster attribute table is generated, there are three default fields created in the table: OID, VALUE,
and COUNT. It is not possible to edit the content in these fields. The ObjectID (OID) is a unique, system-
defined, object identifier number for each row in the table. VALUE is a list of each unique cell value in the
raster datasets (in a grid, this is an integer). COUNT represents the number of cells in the raster dataset
with the cell value in the VALUE column. Cell values represented by NoData are not calculated in the
raster attribute table.
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models
Raster Data Models

 Cell by Cell Encoding Model


 Run Length Encoding Model
 Quad Tree Encoding Model (Recursive
Decomposition)
https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/0053593/files/33286_GIS%20Lecture%20Six-1.pdf
https://
saylordotorg.github.io/text_essentials-of-geographic-information-systems/s08-data-models-for-gis.html.
Several methods exist for encoding raster data from scratch. Three of these models are as follows:
Cell-by-cell raster encoding. This minimally intensive method encodes a raster by creating records for each
cell value by row and column (Figure 1 "Cell-by-Cell Encoding of Raster Data"). This method could be thought
of as a large spreadsheet wherein each cell of the spreadsheet represents a pixel in the raster image. This
method is also referred to as “exhaustive enumeration.”
Run-length raster encoding. This method encodes cell values in runs of similarly valued pixels and can result
in a highly compressed image file (Figure 2 "Run-Length Encoding of Raster Data"). The run-length encoding
method is useful in situations where large groups of neighboring pixels have similar values (e.g., discrete
datasets such as land use/land cover or habitat suitability) and is less useful where neighboring pixel values
vary widely (e.g., continuous datasets such as elevation or sea-surface temperatures).
Quad-tree raster encoding. This method divides a raster into a hierarchy of quadrants that are subdivided
based on similarly valued pixels (Figure 3 "Quad-Tree Encoding of Raster Data"). The division of the raster
stops when a quadrant is made entirely from cells of the same value. A quadrant that cannot be subdivided is
called a “leaf node.”
Raster Data Models

Cell-by-Cell Encoding of Raster Data


Raster Data Models

Run-Length Encoding of Raster Data


Raster Data Models

Quad-Tree Encoding of Raster Data


Raster Data Models

Ratser Data Format


 Lossy File Format - Informtion loss (JPEG)
 Lossless File Format - No information loss (TIFF)
Vector Data Models
Vector Data Models
Vector Data Models

 Arc-Node Topology
 Polygon-Arc Topology
 Polygon Topology
Vector Data Models

Arc-Node Topology
Vector Data Models

Polygon-Arc
Topology
Vector Data Models

Polygon
Topology
Vector Data Models
Vector vs Raster Data Models
Vector vs Raster Data Models
Map Algebra

- Local
- Focal
- Zonal
Map Algebra
Map Algebra
Map Algebra
Thank you

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