1

Chapter 3 - Introduction to Java

Applets
Outline
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software
Development Kit
3.2.1 The TicTacToe Applet
3.2.2 The DrawTest Applet
3.2.3 The Java2D Applet
3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
3.3.1 Compiling and Executing WelcomeApplet
3.4 Two More Simple Applets: Drawing Strings and
Lines
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding Floating-Point
Numbers
3.6 Viewing Applets in a Web Browser
3.6.1 Viewing Applets in Netscape Navigator 6
3.6.2 Viewing Applets in Other Browsers Using
the Java Plug-In
3.7 Java Applet Internet and World Wide Web
Resources
3.8
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 2

3.1 Introduction

• Applet
– Program that runs in
• appletviewer (test utility for applets)
• Web browser (IE, Communicator)
– Executes when HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
document containing applet is opened and downloaded
– Applications run in command windows
• Notes
– Mimic several features of Chapter 2 to reinforce them
– Focus on fundamental programming concepts first
• Explanations will come later

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 3
3.2 Sample Applets from the Java 2
Software Development Kit
• Sample Applets
– Provided in Java 2 Software Development Kit (J2SDK)
– Source code included (.java files)
• Study and mimic source code to learn new features
• All programmers begin by mimicking existing programs
– Located in demo directory of J2SDK install
– Can download demos and J2SDK from
java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.3/

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 4

3.2.1 The TicTacToe Applet

• Running applets
– In command prompt, change to demo subdirectory of applet
cd c:\jdk1.3\demo\applets
cd appletDirectoryName
– There will be an HTML file used to execute applet
– Type appletviewer example1.html
• appletviewer loads the html file specified as its command-
line argument
• From the HTML file, determines which applet to load (more
section 3.3)
– Applet will run, Reload and Quit commands under
Applet menu

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 5

3.2.1 The TicTacToe Applet

• You start as player "X"

Fig. 3.2 Sample execution of the TicTacToe applet.

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 6

3.2.2 The DrawTest Applet

Fig. 3.4 Sample execution of applet DrawTest.

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 7

3.2.3 The Java2D Applet

• Demonstrates 2D drawing capabilities built into Java2

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 8
3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a
String
• Now, create applets of our own
– Take a while before we can write applets like in the demos
– Cover many of same techniques
• Upcoming program
– Create an applet to display
"Welcome to Java Programming!"
– Show applet and HTML file, then discuss them line by line

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 9
1 // Fig. 3.6: WelcomeApplet.java Outline
2 // A first applet in Java.
3
4 import allows us to use
// Java core packages Java applet
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6
predefined classes (allowing
7 us topackages
// Java extension use applets and
8 graphics, in this case).
import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
9
10 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {
11
12 // draw text on applet’s background extends allows us to inherit the
13 public void paint( Graphics g ) capabilities of class JApplet.
14 {
15 // call inherited version of method paint
16 super.paint( g );
17 Method paint is guaranteed to
18 // draw a String at x-coordinate 25 and y-coordinate 25
19
be called in all applets. Its first
g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
20 line must be defined as above.
21 } // end method paint
22
23 } // end class WelcomeApplet

Program Output

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 10
3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a
String
1 // Fig. 3.6: WelcomeApplet.java
2 // A first applet in Java.

– Comments
• Name of source code and description of applet
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
8 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet

– Import predefined classes grouped into packages

• import statements tell compiler where to locate classes used
• When you create applets, import the JApplet class
(package javax.swing)
• import the Graphics class (package java.awt) to draw
graphics
– Can draw lines, rectangles ovals, strings of characters
• import specifies directory structure

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 11
3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a
String
– Applets have at least one class definition (like applications)
• Rarely create classes from scratch
– Use pieces of existing class definitions
– Inheritance - create new classes from old ones (ch. 15)
10 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

– Begins class definition for class WelcomeApplet

• Keyword class then class name
– extends followed by class name
• Indicates class to inherit from (JApplet)
– JApplet : superclass (base class)
– WelcomeApplet : subclass (derived class)
• WelcomeApplet now has methods and data of JApplet

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 12
3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a
String
10 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

– Class JApplet defined for us

• Someone else defined "what it means to be an applet"
– Applets require over 200 methods!
• extends JApplet
– Inherit methods, do not have to define them all
• Do not need to know every detail of class JApplet

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 13
3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a
String

10 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

– Class WelcomeApplet is a blueprint

• appletviewer or browser creates an object of class
WelcomeApplet
– Keyword public required
– File can only have one public class
– public class name must be file name

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 14
3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a
String
13 public void paint( Graphics g )

– Our class inherits method paint from JApplet

• By default, paint has empty body
• Override (redefine) paint in our class
– Methods paint, init, and start
• Guaranteed to be called automatically
• Our applet gets "free" version of these by inheriting from
JApplet
– Free versions have empty body (do nothing)
– Every applet does not need all three methods
• Override the ones you need
– Applet container “draws itself” by calling method paint

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 15
3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a
String
13 public void paint( Graphics g )

– Method paint
• Lines 13-21 are the definition of paint
• Draws graphics on screen
• void indicates paint returns nothing when finishes task
• Parenthesis define parameter list - where methods receive data
to perform tasks
– Normally, data passed by programmer, as in
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog
• paint gets parameters automatically
– Graphics object used by paint
• Mimic paint's first line

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 16
3.3 A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a
String
16 super.paint( g );

– Calls version of method paint from superclass JApplet

– Should be first statement in every applet’s paint method
19 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );

– Body of paint
• Method drawString (of class Graphics)
• Called using Graphics object g and dot operator (.)
• Method name, then parenthesis with arguments
– First argument: String to draw
– Second: x coordinate (in pixels) location
– Third: y coordinate (in pixels) location
– Java coordinate system
• Measured in pixels (picture elements)
• Upper left is (0,0)

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 17
3.3.1 Compiling and Executing
WelcomeApplet
• Running the applet
– Compile
• javac WelcomeApplet.java
• If no errors, bytecodes stored in WelcomeApplet.class
– Create an HTML file
• Loads the applet into appletviewer or a browser
• Ends in .htm or .html
– To execute an applet
• Create an HTML file indicating which applet the browser (or
appletviewer) should load and execute

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 18
3.3.1 Compiling and Executing
WelcomeApplet
1 <html>
2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

– Simple HTML file (WelcomeApplet.html)

• Usually in same directory as .class file
• Remember, .class file created after compilation
– HTML codes (tags)
• Usually come in pairs
• Begin with < and end with >
– Lines 1 and 4 - begin and end the HTML tags
– Line 2 - begins <applet> tag
• Specifies code to use for applet
• Specifies width and height of display area in pixels
– Line 3 - ends <applet> tag
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 19
3.3.1 Compiling and Executing
WelcomeApplet
1 <html>
2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

– appletviewer only understands <applet> tags

• Ignores everything else
• Minimal browser
– Executing the applet
• appletviewer WelcomeApplet.html
• Perform in directory containing .class file

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 20
3.4 Two More Simple Applets:
Drawing Strings and Lines
• More applets
– First example
• Display two lines of text
• Use drawString to simulate a new line with two
drawString statements
– Second example
• Method g.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2 )
– Draws a line from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2)
– Remember that (0, 0) is upper left
• Use drawLine to draw a line beneath and above a string

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 21
1 // Fig. 3.8: WelcomeApplet2.java Outline
2 // Displaying multiple strings in an applet.
3
4 // Java core packages
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6 1. import
7 // Java extension packages
8 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
9 2. Class
10 public class WelcomeApplet2 extends JApplet { WelcomeApplet2
11 (extends JApplet)
12 // draw text on applet’s background
13 public void paint( Graphics g )
14 { 3. paint
15 // call inherited version of method paint
16 super.paint( g );
17 3.1 drawString
18 // draw two Strings at different locations
19 g.drawString( "Welcome to", 25, 25 ); 3.2 drawString
20 g.drawString( "Java Programming!", 25, 40 );
21 on same x
22 } // end method paint coordinate, but
23 15 pixels down
24 } // end class WelcomeApplet2 The two drawString
statements simulate a newline. In
fact, the concept of lines of text
does not exist when drawing
strings.

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 22
Outline

1 <html> HTML file

2 <applet code = "WelcomeApplet2.class" width = "300" height = "60">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

Program Output

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 23
1 // Fig. 3.10: WelcomeLines.java Outline
2 // Displaying text and lines
3
4 // Java core packages
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics WelcomeLines.java
6
7 // Java extension packages 2. Class
8 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
9 WelcomeLines
10 public class WelcomeLines extends JApplet { (extends
11 JApplet)
12 // draw lines and a string on applet’s background
13 public void paint( Graphics g )
14 { 3. paint
15 // call inherited version of method paint
16 super.paint( g );
17 3.1 drawLine
18 // draw horizontal line from (15, 10) to (210, 10)
19 g.drawLine( 15, 10, 210, 10 ); 3.2 drawLine
20
21 // draw horizontal line from (15, 30) to (210, 30)
22 g.drawLine( 15, 30, 210, 30 ); 3.3 drawString
23
24 // draw String between lines at location (25, 25)
25 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
26 Draw horizontal lines with
27 } // end method paint drawLine (endpoints have same
28
29 } // end class WelcomeLines y coordinate).

Program Output

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 24
1 <html> Outline
2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html>
HTML file

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 25
3.4 Two More Simple Applets:
Drawing Strings and Lines
• Method drawLine of class Graphics
– Takes as arguments Graphics object and line’s end points
– X and y coordinate of first endpoint
– X and y coordinate of second endpoint

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 26
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
• Next applet
– Mimics application for adding two integers (Fig 2.9)
• This time, use floating point numbers (numbers with a decimal
point)
– Using primitive data types
• Double – double precision floating-point numbers
• Float – single precision floating-point numbers
– Show program, then discuss

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 27
1 // Fig. 3.12: AdditionApplet.java Outline
2 2 numbers.
// Adding two floating-point numbers
3 3 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
4 // Java core packages AdditionApplet.jav
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
a
6 5
7 6 public
// Javaclass AdditionApplet
extension packages extends JApplet {
8 7 import javax.swing.*;
double sum; // sum of the//values
importentered
packageby
javax.swing
the user 1. import
9 8
10 9 public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet {
11
public void init()
double sum; // sum of values entered by user
2. Class
10 { AdditionApplet
12
1311 String firstNumber, // first string * allows
entered by any
user class in the the package
// initialize applet by obtaining values from user (extends
1412 public voidsecondNumber;
init() to be used.
// second string entered by user
1513 { double number1, // first number to add
JApplet)
1614 String number2;
firstNumber; // second
// first string
number entered
to add by user
1715 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user 3. Instance variable
18 double number1; // first number to add
16 // read in first number from user
19 double number2; // second number to addInstance variable sum may be used anywhere
2017 firstNumber = 4. init
2118 JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
// obtain first number from user
in the class, even in other methods.
2219 firstNumber
"Enter =first
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
floating-point value" );
2320 "Enter first floating-point value" ); Data type double can 4.1 Declare
store variables
floating point
2421 // read in second number from user
numbers.
25
22
// obtain second number from user
secondNumber = 4.2
26 secondNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
2723 JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
"Enter second floating-point value" );
showInputDialog
2824 "Enter second floating-point value" );
2925 // convert numbers from type String to type double 4.3 parseDouble
3026 number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
3127 number2
// = Double.parseDouble(
convert secondNumber
numbers from type String to type );
double
32

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 28
3331 // add the
numbers
numbers Outline
3432 sum =
sum = number1
number1 ++ number2;
number2;
35 }
3633 }
3734 // draw results in a rectangle on applet’s background 5. Draw applet
3835 public void paint( Graphics g ) contents
39 {
36 {
40 // call inherited version of method paint
4137 // draw the results
super.paint( g ); with g.drawString 5.1 Draw a rectangle
4238 g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
4339 // draw rectangle
g.drawString( "The starting
sum is " from (15,
+ sum, 10)
25, 25 that
); is 270 5.2 Draw the results
44 // pixels wide and 20 pixels tall
4540 } g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
4641 }
47 // draw results as a String at (25, 25)
48 1 <html> g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 );
49 2 <applet code="AdditionApplet.class" width=300 height=50>
50 } // end method paint
51
3 </applet> drawRect takes the upper left coordinate, width,
52 4 </html>
} // end class AdditionApplet and height of the rectangle to draw.

1 <html> HTML file

2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

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 29
Outline

Program Output

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 30
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
– Lines 1-2: Comments
5 import java.awt.Graphics;

– Line 5: imports class Graphics

• import not needed if use full package and class name
public void paint ( java.awt.Graphics g )
8 import javax.swing.*;

– Line 8: specify entire javax.swing package

• * indicates all classes in javax.swing are available
– Includes JApplet and JOptionPane
– Use JOptionPane instead of
javax.swing.JOptionPane
• * does not not load all classes
– Compiler only loads classes it uses

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 31
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
10 public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet {

– Begin class definition

• Inherit from JApplet, imported from package
javax.swing
11 double sum; // sum of values entered by user

– Instance variable declaration

• Each object of class gets own copy of the instance variable
• Declared in body of class, but not inside methods
– Variables declared in methods are local variables
– Can only be used in body of method
• Instance variables can be used anywhere in class
• Have default value (0.0 in this case)

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 32
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
11 double sum; // sum of values entered by user

– Primitive data type double

• Used to store floating point (decimal) numbers

14 public void init()

– Method init
• Normally initializes instance variables and applet class
• Guaranteed to be first method called in applet
• First line must always appear as above
– Returns nothing (void), takes no arguments

15 {

– Begins body of method init

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 33
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
16 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
17 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
18 double number1; // first number to add
19 double number2; // second number to add

– Declare variables
– Two types of variables
• Reference variables (called references)
– Refer to objects (contain location in memory)
• Objects defined in a class definition
• Can contain multiple data and methods
– paint receives a reference called g to a Graphics
object
– Reference used to call methods on the Graphics object
• Primitive data types (called variables)
– Contain one piece of data

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 34
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
16 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
17 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
18 double number1; // first number to add
19 double number2; // second number to add

– Distinguishing references and variables

• If data type is a class name, then reference
– String is a class
– firstNumber, secondNumber
• If data type a primitive type, then variable
– double is a primitive data type
– number1, number2

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 35
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
22 firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
23 "Enter first floating-point value" );

• Method JOptionPane.showInputDialog
• Prompts user for input with string
• Enter value in text field, click OK
– If not of correct type, error occurs
– In Chapter 14 learn how to deal with this
• Returns string user inputs
• Assignment statement to string
– Lines 26-27: As above, assigns input to secondNumber

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 36
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
30 number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
31 number2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );

– static method Double.parseDouble

• Converts String argument to a double
• Returns the double value
• Remember static method syntax
– ClassName.methodName( arguments )

34 sum = number1 + number2;

– Assignment statement
• sum an instance variable, can use anywhere in class
– Not defined in init but still used

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 37
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
33 }

– Ends method init

• appletviewer (or browser) calls inherited method start
• start usually used with multithreading
– Advanced concept, in Chapter 15
– We do not define it, so empty definition in JApplet
used
45
• Next, method15,
g.drawRect( paint called
10, 270, 20 );

– Method drawRect( x1, y1, width, height )

• Draw rectangle, upper left corner (x1, y1), specified width
and height
• Line 45 draws rectangle starting at (15, 10) with a width of
270 pixels and a height of 20 pixels
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 38
3.5 Another Java Applet: Adding
Floating-Point Numbers
48 g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 );

– Sends drawString message (calls method) to Graphics

object using reference g
• "The sum is" + sum - string concatenation
– sum converted to a string
• sum can be used, even though not defined in paint
– Instance variable, can be used anywhere in class
– Non-local variable

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 39
3.6 Viewing Applets in a Web
Browser
• Applets can execute on Java-enabled browsers
– Many different browser version supporting different Java
version specifications
• Some support for Java 1.0, many for Java 1.1 inconsistently
– Netscape Navigator 6 supports Java 2 (section 3.6.1)
– Use Java Plug-in to execute Java 2 applets on other browsers
(section 3.6.2)

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 40
3.6.1 Viewing Applets in Netscape
Navigator 6
• Netscape Navigator 6 supports Java 2
– Default installation component
– able to load applet HTML into browser and execute applet
– Download browser at www.netscape.com
– After installing, open applet HTML file using Open File…
menu item in File menu

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 41
3.6.1 Viewing Applets in Netscape
Navigator 6
Fig. 3.14 Applet of Fig. 3.10 executing in Netscape Navigator 6.

applet’s upper-left corner HTML file loaded into browser

status bar

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 42
3.6.2 Viewing Applets in Other
Browsers Using the Java Plug-In
• Java Plug-in support from Sun
– Uses Java 2 Runtime Environment (J2RE)
• Can be downloaded and installed dynamically
– Applet HTML file must indicate use of Java Plug-in
• Convert <applet> and </applet> tags to plug-in-loading
tags
• Sun provides Java Plug-in 1.3 HTML Converter for
conversion
– Download and info at java.sun.com/products/plugin
– Executable in classes subdirectory of converter directory
• Batch file HTMLConverter.bat on Windows
• HTML Converter.sh shell script for Linux/UNIX

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 43
3.6.2 Viewing Applets in Other
Browsers Using the Java Plug-In
• Java Plug-in HTML Converter process
– Select directory containing HTML files to convert
• Click Browse button in Converter to open file chooser to
select directory
• Or type in the directory
– Select conversion template to support browsers
• Defaults: Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer
• Use Template File drop-down list
– Click Convert… button to convert
• Might need to download J2RE if not installed
• After conversion, progress and status window pops up
• Able to use applet HTML in supported browser
– (see pictorial figures)

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 44
3.6.2 Viewing Applets in Other
Browsers Using the Java Plug-In

Fig. 3.15 Java Plug-in HTML Converter window.

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 45
3.6.2 Viewing Applets in Other
Browsers Using the Java Plug-In

Fig. 3.16 Selecting the directory containing HTML files to convert.

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 46
3.6.2 Viewing Applets in Other
Browsers Using the Java Plug-In

Fig. 3.17 Selecting the template used to convert the HTML files.

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 47
3.6.2 Viewing Applets in Other
Browsers Using the Java Plug-In

Fig. 3.18 Confirmation dialog after conversion completes

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 48
3.7 Java Applet Internet and World
Wide Web Resources
• Many Java applet resources available
– java.sun.com/applets/
– Many resources and free applets
• Has demo applets from J2SDK
– Sun site developer.java.sun.com/developer
• Tech support, discussion forums, training, articles, links, etc.
• Registration required
– www.jars.com
• Rates applets, top 1, 5 and 25 percent
• View best applets on web

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 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 49

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
• Identifying classes in a System
– Nouns of system to implement elevator simulation

Nouns (and noun phrases) in

the problem statement
company  elevator system  graphical user interface (GUI)
office building  elevator shaft  elevator car
elevator  display  person 
software-simulator application   model  floor (first floor; second floor)
passenger  bell inside the elevator First Floor GUI button 
floor door  light on that floor Second Floor GUI button
user of our application  energy  audio
floor button  capacity  elevator music
elevator button   
Fig. 3.19 Nouns (and noun phrases) in problem statement.

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 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 50

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
• Not all nouns pertain to model (not highlighted)
– Company and building not part of simulation
– Display, audio, and elevator music pertain to presentation
– GUI, user of application, First and Second Floor buttons
• How user controls model only
– Capacity of elevator only a property
– Energy preservation not modeled
– Simulation is the system
– Elevator and elevator car are same references
– Disregard elevator system for now

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 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 51

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
• Nouns highlighted to be implemented in system
– Elevator button and floor button separate functions
– Capitalize class names
• Each separate word in class name also capitalized
• ElevatorModel, ElevatorShaft, Elevator,
Person, Floor, ElevatorDoor, FloorDoor,
ElevatorButton, FloorButton, Bell, and Light

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 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 52

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
• Using UML to model elevator system
– Class diagrams models classes and relationships
• Model structure/building blocks of system
• Representing class Elevator using UML

Elevator

– Top rectangle is class name

– Middle contains class’ attributes
– Bottom contains class’ operations

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 53

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
• Class associations using UML
– Elided diagram
• Class attributes and operations ignored
• Class relation among ElevatorShaft, Elevator and
FloorButton
ElevatorShaft
1 1
Resets
Sig na ls
arriva l
2 1
2 Re quests 1
FloorButto n Elevator

• Solid line is an association, or relationship between classes

• Numbers near lines express multiplicity values
– Indicate how many objects of class participate association
 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 54

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
– Diagram shows two objects of class FloorButton
participate in association with one object of
ElevatorShaft
– FloorButton has two-to-one relationship with
ElevatorShaft
Symbol Meaning
0  None.
1  One.
m  An integer value.
0..1  Zero or one.
m, n  m or n
m..n  At least m, but not more than n.
*  Zero or more.
0..*  Zero or more
1..*  One or more
Fig. 3.22 Multiplic ity types.

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 55

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
– Associations can be named
• In diagram, “Requests” indicates association and arrow
indicates direction of association
– One object of FloorButton requests one object of class
Elevator
– Similar context with “Resets” and “Signals Arrival”
– Aggregation relationship
• Implies whole/part relationship
– Some object “has” some object
• Object attached with diamond is “owner”
– Object on other end is the “part”
• In diagram, elevator shaft “has an” elevator and two floor
buttons

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 56

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
Fig. 3.23 Class diagram for the elevator model.
C re ates
1
2 1
Light Eleva to rMo del Floo r
1 2
1

Turns
on/ off
Walks
ac ross
1 1
ElevatorShaft Re sets
FloorDo or FloorButto n
2 1 1 2
1
1 1 1
1 0..*
Presses 1
Signals Req uests Perso n
O p ens a rrival Presses 1
1
1 1 1 Signa ls to 1
O pens move
Eleva to rDoor Elevator Ele va to rButton
1 1 1 Resets 1
1 1
Ring s
Rid es
1

Bell

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 57

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
• The complete class diagram for elevator model
– Several of many and aggregates
• ElevatorModel aggregates one ElevatorShaft and
two Floor
• Elevator is aggregation of ElevatorDoor,
ElevatorButton and Bell
– Several of many associations
• Person “presses” buttons
• Person also “rides” Elevator and “walks” across Floor

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 58

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
Fig. 3.24 Object diagram of an empty building in our elevator model.
: Eleva torM odel

firstFlo orLight : Light firstFlo or : Flo or

se c ondFloorLight : Light sec ondFloor : Floor

: ElevatorSha ft

firstFloorDoor : FloorDoor firstFloorButto n: Flo orButton

sec ond Floo rDoo r : Floo rDoor sec ondFloorButton : FloorButton

: Eleva torDoo r : Elevator : ElevatorButton

: Bell

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

 3.8 (Optional Case Study) Thinking 59

About Objects: Identifying the

Classes in a Problem Statement
• Object diagrams
– Model objects (instances of classes) at a specific time in
program execution
– Snapshot of system structure while running
• Information about participation of objects at that time
– Links
• Relationships between objects represented as solid lines
• Object diagram when no people in building
– No objects of class Person exist in system at this point
– Objects written in form objectName:ClassName
• UML permits omission of object names instantiated only once
• If object name unknown, just include class name

 2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.