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2A Chapter2 Color

This document provides an overview of conduction and the heat diffusion equation. It defines conduction as the transport of energy in a medium due to a temperature gradient. Fourier's law governs conduction and relates heat flux to the temperature gradient. The heat diffusion equation, derived from an energy balance on a control volume, describes the temperature distribution in a medium over time and can be solved with appropriate boundary and initial conditions.

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Adven Simarmata
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16 views23 pages

2A Chapter2 Color

This document provides an overview of conduction and the heat diffusion equation. It defines conduction as the transport of energy in a medium due to a temperature gradient. Fourier's law governs conduction and relates heat flux to the temperature gradient. The heat diffusion equation, derived from an energy balance on a control volume, describes the temperature distribution in a medium over time and can be solved with appropriate boundary and initial conditions.

Uploaded by

Adven Simarmata
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Conduction

Chapter Two
Conduction Overview
• Conduction: transport of energy in a medium due to a
temperature gradient
• Physical mechanism of conduction: random atomic or
molecular activity
• Conduction is governed by Fourier’s law
• Temperature distribution needed in order to use Fourier’s
law.
• In Ch. 1 we looked at linear, 1D, steady state conduction.
But Fourier’s law can be applied to transient, 2D, and 3D
problems with more complex geometries as well.
Chapter 2 Objectives
• Develop deeper understanding of Fourier’s law
• Its origins
• Its form for different geometries
• Thermal conductivity (k) and its dependence on
physical nature of medium

• Develop the general equation (heat equation) that


governs the temperature distribution in a medium.
• Solution to this equation gives temperature
distribution
• Temperature distribution can be used with Fourier’s
law to determine heat flux.
Fourier’s Law
• 1D heat rate:

• 1D heat flux:

Where k is the thermal conductivity (W/m·K) and is a


property of the material.

Note: negative sign is necessary because heat is always


transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature.
Fourier’s Law
• General form:

• Or, even more generally:

Note: q’’ is a vector! The heat


flux vector can be resolved into
orthogonal components.

Temperature gradient is along n.


Important implication: direction
of heat transfer is perpendicular
to lines of constant temperature
(isotherms)
Fourier’s Law
• Cartesian coordinates:

• Cylindrical coordinates:

• Spherical coordinates:
Thermal Conductivity
• Isotropic material: thermal conductivity independent
of direction of transfer (kx = ky = kz = k)
• In general, ksolid >kliquid > kgas due to differences in
intermolecular spacing
• Property tables:
• Solids: Tables A.1 – A.3
• Gases: Table A.4
• Liquids: Tables A.5 – A.7
Thermal Conductivity
Heat Diffusion Equation
• We want to know temperature distribution, which
represents how temperature varies with position in a
medium.
• If this is known, Fourier’s law may be used to
compute conduction heat flux at any point in the
medium or on its surface.
• In the following slides, we will use a differential
control volume approach to determine a differential
equation that (with appropriate boundary conditions)
will provide the temperature distribution.
Heat Diffusion Equation
• We will derive in Cartesian coordinates.
• Apply conservation of energy to infinitesimally small
(differential) control volume (V = dx·dy·dz)
• Energy transfer to control volume is exclusively by
conduction
Heat Diffusion Equation
• Conservation of energy is:

• We know from the diagram of the differential control volume


that the components of are qx, qy, and qz.
• Next, we can write the components for :
Heat Diffusion Equation
• Also, the energy source term (associated with the rate of
thermal energy generation) is

where is the rate energy is generate per unit volume


(W/m3)
• And finally, we can write the energy storage term as:

Where is the time rate of change of thermal


energy per unit volume
Heat Diffusion Equation
• Plugging all terms back into the energy conservation
equation:
Heat Diffusion Equation
• Recall that Fourier’s law gives us the following for
conduction heat rates in an isotropic material:

Here, each heat flux component has been multiplied by the


appropriate control surface (differential) area (i.e. dx·dy for the
face with qz entering).
Heat Diffusion Equation
• Plugging equations 2.18a-c into equation 2.17 and dividing
every term by the volume (dx dy dz), we obtain

• This equation (Eq. 2.19) is the general form of the heat


diffusion equation in Cartesian coordinates. It is often called
the heat equation.
• We can obtain a temperature distribution T(x, y, z) as a
function of time from the heat equation.
Heat Diffusion Equation Simplifications
• If thermal conductivity k is constant:

Where α = k/ρcp is called the thermal diffusivity.

• Under steady-state conditions, there is no change in amount


of energy storage, so Eq. 2.17 reduces to:
Heat Diffusion Equation Simplifications
• If heat transfer is one-dimensional (1D) (for instance in the x-
direction) and there is no energy generation, Eq. 2.22 reduces
to:

• This means that for steady-state, 1D conditions with no


energy generation, heat flux is a constant in the direction of
heat transfer! (d/dx = 0)
Heat Diffusion Equation in
Cylindrical Coordinates
Heat Diffusion Equation in
Spherical Coordinates
Boundary and Initial Conditions
• We need to solve appropriate form of heat equation
to determine temperature distribution in a medium.
• This solution will depend on physical conditions at
the medium’s boundaries.
• If the situation is time-dependent (i.e. not steady
state), the solution will also depend on the
conditions at some initial time.
• We call these boundary conditions and the initial
condition.
Boundary and Initial Conditions
• Heat equation is a second order differential equation
in the spatial coordinates  we need two boundary
conditions for each spatial coordinate (i.e. x, y, and
z).
• Heat equation is first order in time  need only one
condition relating to time (the initial condition).
Types of
Boundary
Conditions:
How to Perform a Conduction Analysis
1. Solve appropriate form of heat equation to obtain
the temperature distribution
• Will need to use boundary conditions
• Will need to use initial conditions if the problem is
transient (system changing with time)

2. Knowing the temperature distribution, apply


Fourier’s Law to obtain the heat flux at any desired
time, location, and direction.

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