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Lec 7 Scope, Static Methods

Here is a program that uses static methods to print the figures: public class Figures { public static void main(String[] args) { figure1(); figure2(); } public static void figure1() { System.out.println("______"); } public static void figure2() { System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println(" /"); } } When run, this program will print: ______ / \ / By splitting the printing of each figure into its own static method, the code is cleaner and more organized compared to printing everything directly in the main method. This demonstrates how static

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views30 pages

Lec 7 Scope, Static Methods

Here is a program that uses static methods to print the figures: public class Figures { public static void main(String[] args) { figure1(); figure2(); } public static void figure1() { System.out.println("______"); } public static void figure2() { System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println(" /"); } } When run, this program will print: ______ / \ / By splitting the printing of each figure into its own static method, the code is cleaner and more organized compared to printing everything directly in the main method. This demonstrates how static

Uploaded by

Mahmoud Hossam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Software Industry and

Multimedia

Computer
Programming

Lecture 7: Scope, Static Methods


Scope

• scope: The part of a program where a variable exists.


– From its declaration to the end of the { } braces
• A variable declared in a for loop exists only in that loop.
• A variable declared in a method exists only in that method.

public static void main(String[] args){


int x = 3;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { x's scope
System.out.println(x);
}
// i no longer exists here
}
Scope implications
• Variables without overlapping scope can have same name.
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
System.out.print("/");
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) { // OK
System.out.print("\\");
}
int i = 5; // OK: outside of loop's scope

• A variable can't be declared twice or used out of its scope.


for (int i = 1; i <= 100 * line; i++) {
int i = 2; // ERROR: overlapping scope
System.out.print("/");
}
i = 4; // ERROR: outside scope
Static methods
Algorithms
• algorithm: A list of steps for solving a problem.
• Example algorithm: "Bake sugar cookies"
– Mix the dry ingredients.
– Cream the butter and sugar.
– Beat in the eggs.
– Stir in the dry ingredients.
– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– Place the cookies into the oven.
– Allow the cookies to bake.
– Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.
– ...
Problems with algorithms
• lack of structure: Many tiny steps; tough to remember.

• redundancy: Consider making a double batch...


– Mix the dry ingredients.
– Cream the butter and sugar.
– Beat in the eggs.
– Stir in the dry ingredients.
– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– Place the first batch of cookies into the oven.
– Allow the cookies to bake.
– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– Place the second batch of cookies into the oven.
– Allow the cookies to bake.
– Mix ingredients for frosting.
– ...
Structured algorithms
• structured algorithm: Split into coherent tasks.
1 Make the cookie batter.
– Mix the dry ingredients.
– Cream the butter and sugar.
– Beat in the eggs.
– Stir in the dry ingredients.

2 Bake the cookies.


– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– Place the cookies into the oven.
– Allow the cookies to bake.

3 Add frosting and sprinkles.


– Mix the ingredients for the frosting.
– Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.
...
Removing redundancy
• A well-structured algorithm can describe repeated tasks with minimum
redundancy.
1 Make the cookie batter.
– Mix the dry ingredients.
– ...

2a Bake the cookies (first batch).


– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– ...

2b Bake the cookies (second batch).

3 Decorate the cookies.


– ...
A program with redundancy
public class BakeCookies {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");
System.out.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");
System.out.println("Beat in the eggs.");
System.out.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");
System.out.println("Set the oven temperature.");
System.out.println("Set the timer.");
System.out.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");
System.out.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
System.out.println("Set the oven temperature.");
System.out.println("Set the timer.");
System.out.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");
System.out.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
System.out.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");
System.out.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");
}
}
Static methods
• static method: A named group of statements.
• denotes the structure of a program class
• eliminates redundancy by code reuse method A
 statement
– procedural decomposition:
 statement
 statement
dividing a problem into methods
method B
 statement
 statement
• Writing a static method is like method C
adding a new command to Java.  statement
 statement
 statement
Using static methods
1. Design the algorithm.
– Look at the structure, and which commands are repeated.
– Decide what are the important overall tasks.

2. Declare (write down) the methods.


– Arrange statements into groups and give each group a name.

3. Call (run) the methods.


– The program's main method executes the other methods to perform
the overall task.
Declaring a method
Gives your method a name so it can be executed
• Syntax:
public static void name() {
statement;
statement;
...
statement;
}

• Example:
public static void printWarning() {
System.out.println("This product causes cancer");
System.out.println("in lab rats and humans.");
Calling a method
Executes the method's code
• Syntax:
name();

– You can call the same method for as many times as you like.

• Example:
printWarning();

– Output:
This product causes cancer
in lab rats and humans.
Cookie program
//This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.
public class BakeCookies {
public static void main(String[] args) {
makeBatter();
bake(); // 1st batch
bake(); // 2nd batch
decorate();
}

// Step 1: Make the cake batter.


public static void makeBatter() {
System.out.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");
System.out.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");
System.out.println("Beat in the eggs.");
System.out.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");
}

// Step 2: Bake a batch of cookies.


public static void bake() {
System.out.println("Set the oven temperature.");
System.out.println("Set the timer.");
System.out.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");
System.out.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
}

// Step 3: Decorate the cookies.


public static void decorate() {
System.out.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");
System.out.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");
}
}
Program with static method
public class FreshPrince {
public static void main(String[] args) {
rap(); // Calling (running) the rap method
System.out.println();
rap(); // Calling the rap method again
}

// This method prints the lyrics to my favorite song.


public static void rap() {
System.out.println("Now this is the story all about how");
System.out.println("My life got flipped turned upside-down");
}
}

Output:
Now this is the story all about how
My life got flipped turned upside-down

Now this is the story all about how


My life got flipped turned upside-down
Methods calling methods
public class MethodsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
message1();
message2();
System.out.println("Done with main.");
}

public static void message1() {


System.out.println("This is message1.");
}

public static void message2() {


System.out.println("This is message2.");
message1();
System.out.println("Done with message2.");
}
}
• Output:
This is message1.
This is message2.
This is message1.
Done with message2.
Done with main.
Control flow
• When a method is called, the program's execution...
– "jumps" into that method, executing its statements, then
– "jumps" back to the point where the method was called.
public class MethodsExample {
call
public static void main(String[]public
args) {static void message1() {
message1();
System.out.println("This is message1.");
return }
message2(); public static void message2() {
System.out.println("This is message2.");
message1();
System.out.println("Done with main.");
} System.out.println("Done with message2.");
}
...
public static void message1() {
}
System.out.println("This is message1.");
}
When to use methods
• Place statements into a static method if:
– The statements are related structurally, and/or
– The statements are repeated.

• You should not create static methods for:


– An individual println statement.
– Only blank lines (put blank println statements in main).
– Unrelated or weakly related statements
(consider splitting them into two smaller methods).
Drawing complex figures with
static methods
Static methods question
• Write a program to print these figures using methods.
______
/ \
/ \
\ /
\______/

\ /
\______/
+--------+

______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/

______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
Development strategy
______ First version (unstructured):
/ \
/ \
\ /  Create an empty program and main method.
\______/

\ /  Copy the expected output into it, surrounding


\______/
+--------+ each line with System.out.println syntax.
______
/ \
 Run it to verify the output.
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/

______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
Program version 1
public class Figures1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
System.out.println("+--------+");
System.out.println();
System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
System.out.println("| STOP |");
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
System.out.println();
System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
System.out.println("+--------+");
}
Development strategy 2
______ Second version (structured, with redundancy):
/ \
/ \
\ /  Identify the structure of the output.
\______/

\ /
\______/  Divide the main method into static methods
+--------+
based on this structure.
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/

______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
Output structure
______
/ \ The structure of the output:
/ \
 initial "egg" figure
\ /
\______/
 second "teacup" figure

\ /  third "stop sign" figure


\______/
+--------+  fourth "hat" figure

______
/ \
/ \ This structure can be represented by methods:
| STOP |
\ /  egg
\______/
 teaCup

______
 stopSign
/ \
/ \  hat
+--------+
Program version 2
public class Figures2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
egg();
teaCup();
stopSign();
hat();
}

public static void egg() {


System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
System.out.println();
}

public static void teaCup() {


System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
System.out.println("+--------+");
System.out.println();
}
...
Program version 2, cont'd.
...
public static void stopSign() {
System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
System.out.println("| STOP |");
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
System.out.println();
}

public static void hat() {


System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
System.out.println("+--------+");
}
}
Development strategy 3

/
______
\
Third version (structured, without redundancy):
/ \
\ /
\______/
 Identify redundancy in the output, and create
\ /
\______/ methods to eliminate as much as possible.
+--------+

______

/
/ \
\
 Add comments to the program.
| STOP |
\ /
\______/

______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
Output redundancy
______
/ \
/ \
\ /
The redundancy in the output:
\______/
 egg top: reused on stop sign, hat
\ /
\______/  egg bottom: reused on teacup, stop sign
+--------+  divider line: used on teacup, hat
______
/ \
/ \ This redundancy can be fixed by methods:
| STOP |
\ /  eggTop
\______/
 eggBottom

______  line
/ \
/ \
+--------+
Program Version 3
//Prints several figures, with methods for structure and redundancy.
public class Figures3 {
public static void main(String[] args) { ______
egg(); / \
teaCup(); / \
stopSign(); \ /
hat();
\______/
}

// Draws the top half of an an egg figure.


public static void eggTop() {
System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
}

// Draws the bottom half of an egg figure.


public static void eggBottom() {
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
}

// Draws a complete egg figure.


public static void egg() {
eggTop();
eggBottom();
System.out.println();
}
...
Program version 3, cont'd.
// Draws a teacup figure.
public static void teaCup() {
eggBottom();
line(); \ /
System.out.println(); \______/
}
+--------+
// Draws a stop sign figure.
public static void stopSign() { ______
eggTop(); / \
System.out.println("| STOP |"); / \
eggBottom(); | STOP |
System.out.println(); \ /
} \______/
// Draws a figure that looks sort of like a hat. ______
public static void hat() {
/ \
eggTop();
line();
/ \
} +--------+

// Draws a line of dashes.


public static void line() {
System.out.println("+--------+");
}
}

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