Introduction to Programming

Lecture No. 1
 Program
“A precise sequence
of steps to
solve a particular
problem”
 Alan Perlis – Yale University:

“It goes against the grain of modern

education to teach children to program.
What fun is there in making plans,
acquiring discipline in organizing
thoughts, devoting attention to detail
and learning to be self-critical? “
 Critical Skills
– Analysis
– Critical
Thinking
– Attention
to Detail
 Design Recipe
To design a program properly, we must:
– Analyze a problem statement, typically
expressed as a word problem
– Express its essence, abstractly and with
examples
– Formulate statements and comments in a
precise language
– Evaluate and revise the activities in light of
checks and tests
– PAY ATTENTION TO DETAIL
– These skills are useful for
anybody
– All assignments in this course
should follow the these
guidelines
Computers are STUPID
Humans are even
more…….
Think Reuse
 Area of the Ring
Inner Circle

Outer Circle

Area of Outer Circle ____ Area of Inner Circle = Area of the Ring
• Think Reuse
• Think User Interface
• Comments liberally
What is the probability that she gets
exactly three letter right i.e. three
Letters into their correct envelopes.
 Logical Error
Lewis Carol: “Through the Looking Glass”

“Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe “
 Course Policy
Policy for the distribution of marks and
examination is as follows
• Assignments 15%
• Group discussion 5%
• Midterm 35 %
• Final 45 %
 Books
• Deitel & Deitel :– C++ How to Program
• Kernighan and Ritchie:-
The C Programming Language
 Course Objectives
Objectives of this course are three fold
1. To appreciate the need for a programming
language
2. To introduce the concept and usability of
the structured programming methodology
3. To develop proficiency in making useful
software using the C language
 Course Contents
To achieve our first two objectives we
will be discussing
• Basic Programming constructs and
building blocks
• Structured programming
• Structured flowcharts, pseudo-code
 Course Contents
• History of C Language
• Variables and expressions in C
• Control structures and functions
• Arrays and Pointers
• Dynamic memory Allocation
•
Course
File handling
Contents
• Structures and Unions
• Flavor of Object oriented programming
Introduction to Programming

Lecture 2
 Today’s Lecture
 Software Categories
 System Software

 Application Software

 Introduction to ‘C’ Language

 History

 Evolution

 Justification

 Development Environment of ‘C’

There are two main categories of software

 System software

 Application Software
 TWAIN

Technology Without An Interesting Name

ANSI C
Tools of the trade

 Editor
 Interpreter and Compilers
 Debuggers
Integrated Development Environment
(IDE)

It contains
 Editor
 Compilers
 Debugger
 Linkers
 Loaders
 Program is created in the
Editor Disk editor and stored on disk.
Preprocessor program
Preprocessor Disk processes the code.
Compiler creates
Compiler Disk object code and stores
it on disk.
Linker Disk Linker links the object
code with the libraries
Primary Memory
Loader
Loader puts program
in memory.
Disk ..
..
..

Primary Memory
CPU takes each
CPU instruction and
 
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
..
values as the program
..
executes.
Introduction to Programming

Lesson 3
#include <iostream.h>
main ( )
{
cout << “ Welcome to Punjab University
“;
}
 Variable

Variable X
 Variable
 Pic of the memory

 25

name
of the
 10323
variable
 Variable
Variable starts with
1. Character
2. Underscore _ (Not Recommended)
 Variable
 Small post box

X
 Variable
Variable is the name of a location in
the memory

e.g. x= 2;
 Variable
In a program a variable has:
1. Name

2. Type

3. Size
4. Value
Assignment Operator
=
x=2

X
2
Assignment Operator
L.H.S = R.H.S.

X+ 3 = y + 4 Wrong
Z = x +4
x +4 = Z Wrong
X = 10 ; X 10
X = 30 ;
X 30
 X = X + 1;
X
10 + 1
= 11
X
 Data type
 int i ; ->
Declaration line

i
#include <iostream.h>
main ( )
{
int x ;
int y ;
int z ;
x = 10 ;
y = 20 ;
z=x+y;

cout << " x = " ;

cout << x ;

cout << " y = " ;

cout << y ;

cout << " z =x + y = " ;

cout << z ;
}
 int x, y, z ;
int x; int y; int z ;
Data Types
1. int
2. short
3. long
4. float
5. double
6. char
Arithmetic operators
Plus +
Minus -
Multiply *

Divide /
Modulus %
Arithmetic operators

i+j
x*y
a/b
a%b
% = Remainder

5%2=1
2%2=0
4/2=2
5/2=?
Precedence
 Highest: ()
 Next: *,/,%
 Lowest: +,-
Introduction to Programming

Lecture 4
Key Words of C
 main
 if
 else
 while
 do
 for
 Memory
x=2+4;
=6;
 Memory
a b

x=a+b;
x
#include <iostream.h>
main ( )
{
int age1, age2, age3, age4, age5, age6, age7, age8, age9, age10 ;
int TotalAge ;
int AverageAge ;

cout << “ Please enter the age of student 1: “ ;

cin >> age1 ;

cout << “ Please enter the age of student 2: “ ;

cin >> age2 ;
:
:
TotalAge = age1+ age2 + age3+ age4+ age5+age6+ age7+ age8+age9 +
age10 ;
AverageAge = TotalAge / 10 ;

cout<< “The average age of the class is :” << AverageAge ;

}
 Quadratic Equation
 In algebra
y = ax2 + bx + c

 In C
y = a*x*x + b*x + c
a*b%c +d
a*(b%c) = a*b%c

?
Discriminant
b2 - 2a
4c
= b*b - 4*a*c /2 *a Incorrect
answer
Solution

= (b*b - 4*a*c) /(2 *a) Correct answer

 No expression on the left hand
side of the assignment
 Integer division truncates
fractional part
 Liberal use of
brackets/parenthesis
Interesting Problem

Given a four-digit integer,

separate and print the digits
on the screen
 Analysis
 Number = 1234

 Take the remainder of the above number after dividing by 10

Eg 1234 / 10 gives remainder 4
1234 % 10 = 4
 Remove last digit
– 1234/10 = 123.4
– 123 (Truncation due to Integer Division)
 123 %10 gives 3
 Remove last digit
– 123/10 = 12.3
– 12 (Truncation due to Integer Division)
 12 % 10 gives remainder 2
 Remove last digit
– 12/10 = 1.2
– 1 (Truncation due to Integer Division)
 Final digit remains
#include <iostream.h>
Code
main ( )
{
int number;
int digit;
cout << “Please enter a 4 digit integer : ”;
cin >> number;
digit = number %10;
cout <<“The digit is: “ << digit << ‘\n’; // first digit; and then << ‘\n’
number = number / 10;
digit = number % 10;
cout <<“The digit is: “ << digit << ‘\n’;
number = number / 10;
digit = number % 10;
cout <<“The digit is: “ << digit << ‘\n’;
number = number / 10;
digit = number % 10;
cout <<“The digit is: “ << digit;

}
Special Character Newline

\n
Introduction to Programming

Lecture 5
In the Previous Lecture
 Basic structure of C program
 Variables and Data types
 Operators
 ‘cout’ and ‘cin’ for output and input
 Braces
Decision
 If Statement
If condition is true
statements

If Ali’s height is greater then 6 feet

Then
Ali can become a member of the
Basket Ball team
If Statement in C

If (condition)
statement ;
If Statement in C
If ( condition )
{
statement1 ;
statement2 ;
:
}
If statement in C
if (age1 > age2)
cout<<“Student 1 is older
than student 2” ;
 Relational Operators
< less than
<= less than or equal to
== equal to
>= greater than or equal to
> greater than
!= not equal to
Relational Operators
a != b;

X = 0;
X == 0;
 Example
#include <iostream.h>
main ( )
{
int AmirAge, AmaraAge;
AmirAge = 0;
AmaraAge = 0;

cout<<“Please enter Amir’s age”;

cin >> AmirAge;
cout<<“Please enter Amara’s age”;
cin >> AmaraAge;

if AmirAge > AmaraAge)

{
cout << “\n”<< “Amir’s age is greater then Amara’s age” ;
}
}
Flow Chart Symbols
Start or stop

Process

Flow line

Continuation mark

Decision
Flow Chart for if statement
Entry point for IF block

IF

Condition

Then

Process

Exit point for IF block

Note indentation from left to right

 Example
If the student age is greater than
18 or his height is greater than
five feet then put him on the foot
balll team
Else
Put him on the chess team
Logical Operators

AND &&
OR ||
 Logical Operators
If a is greater than b
AND c is greater than d

In C
if(a > b && c> d)
if(age > 18 || height > 5)
if-else
if (condition)
{
statement ;
-
-
}
else
{
statement ;
-
-
}
if-else Entry point for IF-Else block

IF

Condition

Then

Process 1

Else

Process 2

Exit point for IF block

Note indentation from left to right

 Example
Code

if (AmirAge > AmaraAge)

{
cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ;
}

if (AmirAge < AmaraAge)

{
cout<< “Amir is younger than Amara” ;
}
 Example
Code

if AmirAge > AmaraAge)

{
cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ;
}
else
{
cout<<“Amir is younger than Amara” ;
}
Make a small flow chart of this
program and see the one to one
correspondence of the chart
and the code
 Example
Code

if AmirAge > AmaraAge)

{
cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ;
}
else
{
cout<<“Amir is younger than or of the same
age as Amara” ;
}
 Example
If (AmirAge != AmaraAge)
cout << “Amir and Amara’s Ages
are not equal”;
Unary Not operator !

 !true = false
 !false = true
If (!(AmirAge > AmaraAge))

?
 Example

if ((interMarks > 45) && (testMarks >= passMarks))

{
cout << “ Welcome to Virtual University”;
}
 Example
If(!((interMarks > 45) && (testMarks >= passMarks)))

?
 Nested if
If (age > 18)
{
If(height > 5)
{
:
}
}
Make a flowchart of this nested if
structure…
In Today’s Lecture
 Decision
– If
– Else
 Flowcharts
 Nested if
In the last lecture

Conditional Construct
 if
 if-else
Loop - Repetition
structure
 Example

int sum ;
sum = 1+2+3+4+5+……..+10 ;
cout << sum ;
Find the Sum of the first 100
Integer starting from 1

?
while
while ( Logical Expression )
{
statements; :
}
int sum ;
sum = 0 ;
int sum = 0; ( Optional )
 Example
int sum , number ;
sum = 0 ;
number = 1 ;
while ( number <= 1000 )
{
sum = sum + number ;
number = number + 1 ;
}
cout << “ The sum of the first 1000 integer starting from 1 is ” << sum ;
while (number <= UpperLimit)
 Example
int sum, number , UpperLimit ;
sum = 0 ;
number = 1 ;
cout << “ Please enter the upper limit for which you want the sum ” ;
cin >> UpperLimi t;
while (number <= UpperLimit)
{
sum = sum + number ;
number = number +1 ;
}
cout << “ The sum of the first ” << UpperLimit << “ integer is ” << sum ;
if ( number % 2 == 0 )
{
sum = sum + number ;
number = number + 1 ;
}
 Example
sum = 0;
number = 1;
cout << “ Please enter the upper limit for which you want the sum ”;
cin >> UpperLimit;
while (number <= UpperLimit)
{
if (number % 2 == 0)
{
sum = sum + number;
number = number + 1;
}
}
cout << “ The sum of all even integer between 1 and ” << UpperLimit << “ is” <<
sum;
2 * ( number / 2 ) ;

?
int Junk ;
Junk = 1 ;
while ( Junk <= UpperLimit ) ( infinite loop ) X
{
sum = sum + number ;
number = number + 1 ;
}
Flow Chart for While Construct
WHILE Statement

Entry point for WHILE block

Condition is No
While Exit
true?

Process

Exit point for WHILE block

 Factorial Definition

n! = n*(n-1)*(n-2)*(n-3)…………*3*2*1
 Example: Factorial
#include <iostream.h>
main ( )
{
int number ;
int factorial ;
factorial = 1 ;
cout << “Enter the number of Factorial” ;
cin >> number ;
while ( number >= 1 )
{
factorial = factorial * number ;
number = number – 1 ;
}
cout << “Factorial is” << factorial ;
}
 Property of While
Statement

It executes zero or more

times
Introduction to Programming

Lecture 7
while loop
while (condition)
{
statements; :
}
statements;
While loop executes zero
or more times. What if we
want the loop to execute
at least one time?
do-while
Do while loop execute on
or more times
Syntax of do-while loop
do
{
statements ;

}
while ( condition ) ;
 Example-Guessing game
char c ;
int tryNum = 1 ;
do
{
cout << "Please enter your guess by pressing a character key from a to z “ ;
cin >> c ;
if ( c == 'z‘ )
{
cout << "Congratulations! you guessed the right answer“ ;
tryNum = 6 ;
}
else
tryNum = tryNum + 1 ;
} while ( tryNum <= 5 ) ;
Flow chart for do-while loop

Do-while

Process

false
condition Exit

true
Relational Operators
char c ;
int tryNum , maxTries ;
tryNum = 1 ;
maxTries = 5 ;
cout << "Guess the alphabet between a to z “ ;
cin >> c ;
while ( ( tryNum <= maxTries ) && ( c! = ‘z‘ ) )
{
cout << "Guess the alphabet between a to z “ ;
cin >> c ;
tryNum = tryNum + 1 ;
}
for Loop
 For loop

for ( initialization condition ; termination condition ; increment condition )

{
statement ( s ) ;
}
 Example
int counter ;
for( counter = 0 ; counter < 10 ; counter = counter + 1 )
cout << counter;

Output
0123456789
Table for 2
2x1=2
2x2=4
2x3=6
:
:
2 x 10 = 20
Example - Calculate Table for 2

#include <iostream.h>
main ( )
{
int counter ;
for ( counter = 1 ; counter <= 10 ; counter = counter + 1 )
{
cout << "2 x " << counter << " = " << 2* counter << "\n“ ;
}
}
 Output
2 x1 = 2
2 x2=4
2 x3=6
:
:
2 x 10 = 20
Flow chart for the ‘Table’ example
Start

counter=1

While

No Exit
counter <=10?

yes

Print 2*counter

Counter =
counter + 1

Stop
 Example: Calculate Table- Enhanced

#include <iostream.h>
main ( )
{
int number ;
int maxMultiplier ;
int counter ;
maxMultiplier = 10 ;
cout << " Please enter the number for which you wish to construct the table “ ;
cin >> number ;
for ( counter = 1 ; counter <= maxMultiplier ; counter = counter + 1 )
{
cout << number <<" x " << counter<< " = " << number * counter << "\n“ ;
}
}
 Always think re-use
 Don’t use explicit constants
 Increment operator
++
 counter ++ ;
same as
 counter = counter + 1;
Decrement operator
--

 counter -- ;
same as
 counter = counter - 1
 +=
 counter += 3 ;
same as
 counter = counter + 3 ;
 -=
 counter -= 5 ;
same as
 counter = counter – 5 ;
*=
x*=2
x=x*2
 /=
x /= 2

x=x/2
Compound Assignment
Operators

operator=
 %=
 x %= 2 ;
same as
 x=x%2;
 Comments
 Write comment at the top
program to show what it does
 Write comments that mean some
thing
 In today’s lecture
 Do - while
– Executes the code at least ones
 For loop
– Executes at least zero times
 Short hand operators
– Incrementing
– Decrementing
 Compound assignment operator