Topic 2 - Mechanics
Topic 2 - Mechanics
Topic 2 - Mechanics
Mechanics
04/08/23
Distance, Speed
and Time revision D
40
30
Distance
(metres)
20
10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100
Acceleration recap
V-U
Acceleration = change in velocity (in ms-1)
(in ms-2) time taken (in s) A T
80
60
Velocity
m/s 40
20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50
20
10
Velocity
(ms-1) 0
-10
Time/s
-20
20 40 60 80 100
80
60
Velocity
m/s 40
20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50
2500m
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Equations of Motion
u+v
s=
2 t
v = u + at
They’re
s = ut + ½at2 golden!
v2 = u2 + 2as
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Example questions
1) Will drops a ball on Connor’s foot. How long does the ball
take to fall 1m? 2m? Why is the second answer not simply
twice the first?
7) Dan wants to play with the air track. The air track is
slightly tilted. He pushes a trolley up the track with a
speed of 1ms-1 and its acceleration due to the tilt is 0.5ms-2
down the track. How long does it take to drop 1m below
the starting point?
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Some subtle differences…
“Distance” is how far you have gone, “displacement” is how far
you are from a point and can be positive or negative:
Distance =
Distance =
Displacement =
Displacement =
Start
-1 metre 1 metre
Distance
Distance
= =
Displacement
Displacement
= =
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Some subtle differences…
“Distance” is how far you have gone, “displacement” is how far
you are from a point and can be positive or negative:
Speed = Speed =
Velocity = Velocity =
Start
-1 metre 1 metre
Speed
Speed
= =
Velocity
Velocity
= =
“Speed” is how fast you go. “Velocity” is how fast in a given
direction.
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Vector vs. scalar
Scalar quantities have size (“magnitude”) only and no direction.
Vector quantities have both size and direction.
Scalar or vector???
30
Displacement
(metres) 20
10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100
20
10
Displacement
(metres) 0
-10
Time/s
-20
20 40 60 80 100
Displacement
Time
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A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:
Displacement
Time
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A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:
Velocity
Time
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A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:
Velocity
Time
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A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:
Acceleration
Time
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A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:
Acceleration
Time
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Vel (ms-1) A recap question
1) Calculate this object’s
25 acceleration during the
first 10 seconds
20
2) Estimate its
acceleration at 20
15
seconds
10
3) Estimate how far it
travelled altogether
5
20
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
20
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
20
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
20
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
20
15
0 10 20 30 40
Time (s)
10
0 10 20 30 40
Time (s)
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Disp (m) Sketching Graphs 6
Vel (ms-1)
25
20
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
20
15
10
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
10km
14.1km
100ms-1
5ms-1
100.1ms-1
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Resolving Vectors
Consider a diagonal push:
F1 = F sin θ
F
F1
θ
F2
F2 = F cos θ
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Resolving Vectors – example questions
Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the
following:
1) 2)
10N 20N
35O
50O
Use v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = 402 + (2 x -9.81 x s)
0 = 1600 – 19.62s
1600 = 19.62s
s = 1600/19.62
s = 81.5m
04/08/23
Practice Questions
1) How far will a cricket ball go if it is thrown upwards with an
initial velocity of 10ms-1?
4) A test tube falls off the table. If the table is 1m high how
fast was the test tube going when it hit the floor?
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Projectile Motion
Aha! If I let go of the branch when
he fires his gun I’ll be safe because
the bullet will go above me…
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Projectile Motion
Question – how long did this take
and how fast was the bullet?
KEY FACTS:
Horizontal speed stays constant
1.5m
Vertical speed is only affected by
gravity
50m
2) Sam fires a gun and the bullet leaves the barrel at a speed
of 200ms-1. If it landed on the ground 500m away calculate
how long the journey took and how high up Sam was holding
the gun from ground level.
2) Aguero takes a free kick and it flies into the top corner
horizontally. If the corner is 2.4m above the ground and
the goal is 18m away calculate the time taken for the ball
to reach the goal.
04/08/23
Introduction to Forces
A force is a “push” or a “pull”. Some common examples:
-
+++
+ +
…and an unbalanced
backwards force will make Newton 1642-1727
me slow down…
An unbalanced forwards
force will make me
accelerate…
04/08/23
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
The acceleration of a body is proportional
to the resultant force causing its
acceleration and is in the same direction.
Newton 1642-1727
In other words…
Resultant force = mass x acceleration
ΣF = ma
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Revision questions
1) A force of 1000N is applied to push a
mass of 500kg. How quickly does it
accelerate?
2) A force of 3000N acts on a car to F
make it accelerate by 1.5ms-2. How
heavy is the car?
3) A car accelerates at a rate of 5ms-2. M A
If it weighs 500kg how much driving
force is the engine applying?
4) A force of 10N is applied by a boy
while lifting a 20kg mass. How much
does it accelerate by?
04/08/23
Slightly harder questions
1) This car has a mass of 1000kg. The
engine exerts a driving force of 5,000N
and a frictional force of 2,000N acts
against it. What is its acceleration?
100N
04/08/23
Resolving Force Vectors
Another guy is dragging a 1.5kg box
along the ground with a force of 20N.
The block is stuck in a groove and can’t
move upwards. If the block accelerates
from rest to 10ms-1 in 5s calculate: 200
W
Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength
(in N) (in kg) (in Nkg-1)
M g
Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:
1) At the start of his jump the air
resistance is _______ so he
_______ downwards.
Terminal
velocity
reached…
Mo on
n the
O
Time
New, lower terminal Diver hits the ground
velocity reached
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Core Practical - Measuring g
Consider the equation s = ut + ½at2…
If we consider a ball being dropped then u=0, so s = ½at2
s = ½gt2
s x
s = ½ g t2 x
x Gradient = g
y=mx+c
x
½t2
04/08/23
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
When body A exerts a force on body B,
body B exerts an equal and opposite force
on body A.
direction
what on type
what
size
3) Draw a free body force diagram 4) Draw a free body force diagram
for a 4-wheel drive car driving up for a 2-wheel drive (engine at the
the M1. front) car driving up the M1 as well.
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Momentum
Any object that has both mass and
velocity has MOMENTUM. Momentum
(symbol “p”) is simply given by the formula: P
…V = 36.7ms-1
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Momentum in different directions
What happens if the bodies are moving in opposite directions?
237
Np 241
Am
4
2
α
93 95
4) A gun has a recoil speed of 2ms-1 when firing. If the gun has a mass of
2kg and the bullet has a mass of 10g what speed does the bullet come
04/08/23
Newton’s 2nd Law and Impulse
Instead of F=ma Newton actually said that the force acting on
an object is that object’s rate of change of momentum. In
other words…
What’s the impulse of the car on the left if the cars stick
together?
20000N
Calculate an Force
appropriate scale
for the force-time
graph shown.
Time
Moments revision 04/08/23
100 Newtons
2 metres
200 Newtons
Turning Moments revision
04/08/23
2 metres 2 metres
? metres
5 metres
4m 2m
5N 3N
2m ??m
5N 5N 15N
4m 2m
??m
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Turning Moments
Consider a man walking along a plank of wood on a cliff.
How far can he walk over the cliff before the plank tips over?
Aaarrgghh
Man’s weight =
800N
1m
Plank’s weight =
200N
3m
04/08/23
A recap question
1) State the principle of moments
30kg
0.4m 1.2m
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Types of Energy Recap
Type Something you know about it
Heat
Kinetic (movement)
Nuclear
Sound
Light
Chemical
Electrical
Gravitational potential
Elastic potential
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Kinetic energy
Any object that moves will have kinetic energy.
Ek = ½ mv2
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Example questions
1) Katie drives her car at a speed of 30ms-1. If the combined
mass of her and the car is 1000kg what is her kinetic
energy?
(Remember - W=mg)
ΔEgrav
mg H
Some example questions…
04/08/23
2) Gravitational potential
energy is transferred into
kinetic energy
Using conservation of energy when dropping objects
mgh = ½mv2
I wonder if using
gh = ½v 2
SUVAT gives the
v2 same answer?
h=
2g 1m
v2 = 2 x 9.81 x 1
v2 = 19.62
v = 4.43m/s
An example question…
04/08/23
If the height of the drop was 100m and assuming there was a
100% conversion from gravitational to kinetic energy, how
fast was the roller coaster car moving at the bottom of the
ramp?
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Conservation of Energy
Consider a bouncing ball:
Gravitational
Potential Energy
Time
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Conservation of Energy
Consider a bouncing ball:
Kinetic Energy
Time
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Conservation of Energy
Now put these graphs together:
Energy
Total
energy of
the ball
Time
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Work done
Work done (in joules) is simply the force needed to move an
object multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the
force:
ΔW
ΔW = FΔs
F Δs
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Power
Power (in watts) is “the rate of doing work”:
ΔW
P = ΔW
Δt P Δt
P = ΔW = FΔs
…therefore P = Fv
Δt Δt
04/08/23
Random questions on work and power
1) Adam pushes Dan in the direction of a cliff. If he uses a
force of 40N and he moves Dan 10m in 4s calculate the
work done and Adam’s power rating.
2) Richard runs up some stairs and has a power rating of
600W while he does so. If he does it in 5 seconds and his
weight is 750N calculate how high the stairs are.
3) A man pulls a block of wood at an angle of 200 to the
horizontal and uses a force of 50N. If the distance
travelled horizontally is 5m calculate the work done by the
man and his power if the journey lasted 10 seconds.
200
50N
Efficiency revision
04/08/23
Heat (
?)