Topic 2 - Mechanics

Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 104

04/08/23

Mechanics
04/08/23

Distance, Speed
and Time revision D

Speed = distance (in metres)


time (in seconds) S T

1) Ben walks 200 metres in 40 seconds. What is his speed?


2) Alex covers 2km in 1,000 seconds. What is his speed?
3) How long would it take Connor to run 100 metres if he could
run at 12ms-1?
4) Dan throws a book at Adam and it travels at 50ms-1 for
0.2s. How far away was Adam?
5) Katie is learning to drive. She drives her car at 85mph
(about 40ms-1). How long does it take her to drive 20km?
04/08/23

40

30
Distance
(metres)
20

10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100

1) What is the velocity during the first 20 seconds?


2) What is the displacement after 60 seconds?
3) What is the velocity during the last 40 seconds?
4) What is the displacement after 100 seconds?
04/08/23

Acceleration recap
V-U
Acceleration = change in velocity (in ms-1)
(in ms-2) time taken (in s) A T

1) Ollie accelerates on his bike from 0 to 10ms-1 in 5 seconds.


What is his acceleration?
2) Danny drops a ball on his foot and it accelerates downwards
at a rate of 10ms-2 for 12 seconds. What speed did it
reach?
3) A car accelerates from 10 to 20ms-1 with an acceleration of
2ms-2. How long did this take?
4) A rocket accelerates from 1,000ms-1 at a rate of 20ms-2
for 2 minutes. What speed did it reach?
04/08/23

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50

1) How fast was the object going after 10 seconds?


2) What is the acceleration from 20 to 30 seconds?
3) What was the acceleration from 30 to 50s?
4) How far did the object travel altogether?
04/08/23

20

10
Velocity
(ms-1) 0

-10
Time/s
-20
20 40 60 80 100

1) When did the object have zero acceleration?


2) What is the average acceleration from 0 to 40s?
3) What was the acceleration from 40 to 60s?
4) How far did the object go between 50 and 100s?
04/08/23

80

60
Velocity
m/s 40

20
T/s
0
10 20 30 40 50

This velocity-time graph shows Amy’s journey to school.


How far away does she live?

2500m
04/08/23
Equations of Motion
u+v
s=
2 t

v = u + at

They’re
s = ut + ½at2 golden!

v2 = u2 + 2as
04/08/23
Example questions
1) Will drops a ball on Connor’s foot. How long does the ball
take to fall 1m? 2m? Why is the second answer not simply
twice the first?

2) Ed flies to Belgium. His aeroplane has a maximum


acceleration on the ground of 3.4ms-2. What is the
minimum length of runway needed to reach its take off
speed of 110ms-1 and how long will this take?

3) Danny likes watching kangaroos. A kangaroo jumps to a


vertical height of 2.8m. For how long was it in the air?

4) Charlie likes baseball. A baseball pitcher can release a ball


at 40ms-1 after accelerating through a distance of 2.5m.
Calculate the average acceleration of the ball.
04/08/23
Example questions
5) Henry has a good chance of surviving a car crash with a
seatbelt on if her deceleration does not exceed 30g
(30x9.81ms-2). Calculate the distance by which the front
end of the car must collapse in if a crash occurs at 70mph.

6) Joey travels in a rocket powered sledge and accelerates


from rest to 284ms-1 in 5s and then comes to a rest in 1.5s.
Calculate his acceleration in both stages.

7) Dan wants to play with the air track. The air track is
slightly tilted. He pushes a trolley up the track with a
speed of 1ms-1 and its acceleration due to the tilt is 0.5ms-2
down the track. How long does it take to drop 1m below
the starting point?
04/08/23
Some subtle differences…
“Distance” is how far you have gone, “displacement” is how far
you are from a point and can be positive or negative:

Distance =
Distance =
Displacement =
Displacement =
Start

-1 metre 1 metre
Distance
Distance
= =
Displacement
Displacement
= =
04/08/23
Some subtle differences…
“Distance” is how far you have gone, “displacement” is how far
you are from a point and can be positive or negative:
Speed = Speed =
Velocity = Velocity =

Start

-1 metre 1 metre
Speed
Speed
= =
Velocity
Velocity
= =
“Speed” is how fast you go. “Velocity” is how fast in a given
direction.
04/08/23
Vector vs. scalar
Scalar quantities have size (“magnitude”) only and no direction.
Vector quantities have both size and direction.

Scalar or vector???

Scalar 8. Power Vector


2. Distance12. Acceleration
1. Mass
6. Energy
7. Time
3. Displacement
4. Speed
11. Force 10. Current
5. Velocity
9. Momentum
04/08/23
Understanding Velocity
1) Is this car travelling at constant speed?

2) Is this car travelling at constant velocity?


04/08/23
Understanding Velocity
40

30
Displacement
(metres) 20

10
Time/s
0
20 40 60 80 100

1) What’s the average velocity?


2) What’s the velocity at 60s?
04/08/23

20

10
Displacement
(metres) 0

-10
Time/s
-20
20 40 60 80 100

1) What was the displacement after 20 seconds?


2) What was the velocity between 20 and 40 seconds?
3) When was this person travelling the fastest?
4) What was the average speed for the first 40 seconds?
04/08/23
A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:

Displacement

Time
04/08/23
A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:

Displacement

Time
04/08/23
A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:

Velocity

Time
04/08/23
A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:

Velocity

Time
04/08/23
A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:

Acceleration

Time
04/08/23
A closer look at motion graphs
Consider a bouncing ball:

Acceleration

Time
04/08/23
Vel (ms-1) A recap question
1) Calculate this object’s
25 acceleration during the
first 10 seconds

20
2) Estimate its
acceleration at 20
15
seconds

10
3) Estimate how far it
travelled altogether
5

4) Calculate the object’s


0 10 20 30 40 50 average speed
Time (s)
04/08/23
Vel (ms-1) Sketching Graphs 1
Disp (m)
25

20

15

10

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

Time (s) Time (s)


04/08/23
Vel (ms-1) Sketching Graphs 2
Acc (ms-2)
25

20

15

10

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

Time (s) Time (s)


04/08/23
Vel (ms-1) Sketching Graphs 3
Disp (m)
25

20

15

10

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

Time (s) Time (s)


04/08/23
Vel (ms-1) Sketching Graphs 4
Acc (ms-2)
25

20

15

10

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

Time (s) Time (s)


04/08/23
Disp (m) Sketching Graphs 5
Vel (ms-1)
25

20

15
0 10 20 30 40

Time (s)
10

0 10 20 30 40

Time (s)
04/08/23
Disp (m) Sketching Graphs 6
Vel (ms-1)
25

20

15

10

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

Time (s) Time (s)


04/08/23
Disp (m) Sketching Graphs 7
Acc (ms-2)
25

20

15

10

0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

Time (s) Time (s)


04/08/23
Vectors
10km

10km
14.1km

100ms-1

5ms-1
100.1ms-1
04/08/23
Resolving Vectors
Consider a diagonal push:

This force is given by:

F1 = F sin θ
F
F1
θ
F2

This force is given by:

F2 = F cos θ
04/08/23
Resolving Vectors – example questions
Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of the
following:
1) 2)
10N 20N
35O
50O

Work out the size and direction of the resultant force:


3) 4)
20N
8N 15N
10N
50O 45O
80O 30O
04/08/23
More Questions
1) Joe hikes 5km north and then 9km east. This journey
takes him 2 hours. Draw, on graph paper, a scale diagram
to show this movement and calculate:
1) The displacement at the end of the journey
2) His average speed
3) His average velocity

2) An aeroplane takes off with a velocity of 110ms-1 at an


angle of 25O to the horizontal runway. Calculate the
horizontal and vertical components of the plane’s velocity.

3) A coin is flicked off a table with a horizontal speed of


2ms-1. Calculate its new speed 1 second later.
04/08/23
Drawing Vectors
04/08/23
A Practical Example of Resolving Vectors
04/08/23
Resolving Vectors
Two blokes are holding a 10kg
wooden block like this:

The block is stationary. If


the angle between the rope
and the horizontal is 100
calculate the tension in each
rope.
04/08/23
Vertical Projection
If I throw this ball upwards with a speed of
40ms-1 how high will it go?

Use v2 = u2 + 2as

0 = 402 + (2 x -9.81 x s)

0 = 1600 – 19.62s

1600 = 19.62s

s = 1600/19.62

s = 81.5m
04/08/23
Practice Questions
1) How far will a cricket ball go if it is thrown upwards with an
initial velocity of 10ms-1?

2) How far will a table tennis ball go if it is thrown upwards


with an initial velocity of 5ms-1?

3) A human cannonball is projected vertically upwards and she


reaches a vertical height of 20m before coming back down.
How fast was she going when she left the cannon?

4) A test tube falls off the table. If the table is 1m high how
fast was the test tube going when it hit the floor?
04/08/23
Projectile Motion
Aha! If I let go of the branch when
he fires his gun I’ll be safe because
the bullet will go above me…
04/08/23
Projectile Motion
Question – how long did this take
and how fast was the bullet?

KEY FACTS:
Horizontal speed stays constant
1.5m
Vertical speed is only affected by
gravity

50m

1) Use s = ut + ½at2 vertically to find the time

2) Then use speed = distance / time horizontally to get the


speed
04/08/23
Example questions
1) Lauren throws a bowling ball at Tom and it lands on his
foot. If the ball started 1.2m above Tom’s foot and the
distance between them was 2m calculate both the time
taken and the initial velocity of the ball.

2) Sam fires a gun and the bullet leaves the barrel at a speed
of 200ms-1. If it landed on the ground 500m away calculate
how long the journey took and how high up Sam was holding
the gun from ground level.

3) Fergus likes knocking test tubes off the table. If he hits


one with an initial velocity of 2ms-1 and the table is 1m high
calculate the time taken for the test tube to hit the floor
04/08/23
Recap questions
1) Andrew Murray hits a tennis ball and it passes horizontally
over the net and lands just inside the baseline of the court.
The net has a height of 1.07m and is 11.9m from the
baseline. Find the horizontal speed of the ball.

2) Aguero takes a free kick and it flies into the top corner
horizontally. If the corner is 2.4m above the ground and
the goal is 18m away calculate the time taken for the ball
to reach the goal.
04/08/23
Introduction to Forces
A force is a “push” or a “pull”. Some common examples:

Air resistance/drag – a contact


Weight (mg) – pulls force that acts against anything
things towards the moving through air or liquid
centre of the Earth

Friction – a contact force


that acts against anything Upthrust – keeps things afloat
moving
04/08/23
Types of Forces
Gravitational Electromagnetic/
(W=mg) electrostatic

-
+++
+ +

Nuclear (2 types) Describe each force,


including a comment on the
+++
+ + distance it works over,
whether it repels or attracts
and other important points
04/08/23
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
Basically, a body will remain at rest or
continue to move with constant velocity as
long as the forces acting on it are balanced
(the sum of the vector forces is zero).

…and an unbalanced
backwards force will make Newton 1642-1727
me slow down…
An unbalanced forwards
force will make me
accelerate…
04/08/23
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
The acceleration of a body is proportional
to the resultant force causing its
acceleration and is in the same direction.

Newton 1642-1727

In other words…
Resultant force = mass x acceleration
ΣF = ma
04/08/23
Revision questions
1) A force of 1000N is applied to push a
mass of 500kg. How quickly does it
accelerate?
2) A force of 3000N acts on a car to F
make it accelerate by 1.5ms-2. How
heavy is the car?
3) A car accelerates at a rate of 5ms-2. M A
If it weighs 500kg how much driving
force is the engine applying?
4) A force of 10N is applied by a boy
while lifting a 20kg mass. How much
does it accelerate by?
04/08/23
Slightly harder questions
1) This car has a mass of 1000kg. The
engine exerts a driving force of 5,000N
and a frictional force of 2,000N acts
against it. What is its acceleration?

2) This body has a mass of


50kg and is acted on by the
forces shown. What will its 200N
acceleration be and at which
angle (to the vertical)?

100N
04/08/23
Resolving Force Vectors
Another guy is dragging a 1.5kg box
along the ground with a force of 20N.
The block is stuck in a groove and can’t
move upwards. If the block accelerates
from rest to 10ms-1 in 5s calculate: 200

1)The block’s acceleration

2)The size of the resultant force on the


block

3)The size of the frictional force on


the block
04/08/23
Weight vs. Mass
Earth’s Gravitational Field Strength is 10Nkg-1. In other
words, a 1kg mass is pulled downwards by a force of 10N.

W
Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength
(in N) (in kg) (in Nkg-1)
M g

1) What is the weight on Earth of a book with mass 2kg?

2) What is the weight on Earth of an apple with mass 100g?

3) Matt weighs 700N on the Earth. What is his mass?

4) On the moon the gravitational field strength is 1.6Nkg-1. What will


Matt weigh if he stands on the moon?
04/08/23
Gravitational Fields
Recall the equation:

Weight = mass x gravitational field strength W = mg

This equation related mass to weight. Mass is a scalar


quantity but weight, being a force, is vector.

Notice that g has two names and units:


The gravitational field strength g = 9.81 Nkg-1
The acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 ms-2
04/08/23
Terminal Velocity
Consider a ball falling through a liquid:

Some questions to consider:

1) What forces are acting on


the ball?
2) How do those forces
change when the ball gets
faster?
3) Will the ball keep getting
faster? Explain your
answer in terms of forces
04/08/23

Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:
1) At the start of his jump the air
resistance is _______ so he
_______ downwards.

2) As his speed increases his air


resistance will _______

3) Eventually the air resistance will be


big enough to _______ the
skydiver’s weight. At this point
the forces are balanced so his
speed becomes ________ - this is
called TERMINAL VELOCITY

Words – increase, small,


constant, balance, accelerates
04/08/23
Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:

4) When he opens his parachute the


air resistance suddenly ________,
causing him to start _____ ____.

5) Because he is slowing down his air


resistance will _______ again
until it balances his _________.
The skydiver has now reached a
new, lower ________ _______.

Words – slowing down, decrease,


increases, terminal velocity, weight
04/08/23
Velocity-time graph for terminal velocity…
Velocity Parachute opens –
diver slows down
Speed
increases…

Terminal
velocity
reached…
Mo on
n the
O

Time
New, lower terminal Diver hits the ground
velocity reached
04/08/23
Core Practical - Measuring g
Consider the equation s = ut + ½at2…
If we consider a ball being dropped then u=0, so s = ½at2

We also know that a = g, therefore…

s = ½gt2

s x

s = ½ g t2 x

x Gradient = g
y=mx+c
x

½t2
04/08/23
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
When body A exerts a force on body B,
body B exerts an equal and opposite force
on body A.

My third law says


that if I push to Newton 1642-1727
the right I will
move backwards
as well.
04/08/23
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

What will happen if I push


this satellite away from me?
04/08/23
Newton’s 3 Laws recap
1) “If the forces acting on an
object are balanced then that
object is either stationary or
moving with constant speed”

2) The resultant force is


proportional to the object’s
rate of change of momentum

3) Every force has an equal and


opposite reaction
04/08/23
Free body force diagrams

The Earth pulls Newton down with a


gravitational force of 700N.

direction
what on type
what
size

Newton pulls the Earth up with a


gravitational force of 700N.

This is a Newton III pair of


forces
04/08/23
Free body force diagrams 2
Consider a man standing on a table on the Earth:
04/08/23
Newton I vs. Newton III
These two forces are acting on the same body,
they’re two different types of force and the man
is in equilibrium as long as the forces balance –
this is a “Newton I pair of forces”.

These two forces are acting on


different bodies, they’re both the
same type and they are always equal
and opposite – this is a “Newton III
pair of forces”.
04/08/23
Summary
Newton I Newton III

A law about the forces on _ A law about the forces on


_____ ____ ____ _______ _____
Concerns any _____ of forces Always concerns ____ forces
only
The forces can be ______ Both forces are ___ ______
types type
If there are two forces and The two forces are ALWAYS
the body is in equilibrium the ______ ___ ________
forces are _____ ___
________
Newton I only applies when Newton III ______ applies
the body is in ________
04/08/23
Free Body Force Diagrams
For the satellite: For the Earth:
04/08/23
Free body force diagrams
Consider a man on a sloping table:
Reaction (a contact force) is ALWAYS
perpendicular to the surface.
Friction (a tangential contact force)
ALWAYS acts against motion.
Let’s combine the forces…

Resultant force is zero,


so no acceleration
04/08/23
Free body force diagrams
1) Draw a free body force diagram 2) A car pulls a caravan along the
for a ladder against a wall. M25. Draw a free body force
diagram for the caravan.

3) Draw a free body force diagram 4) Draw a free body force diagram
for a 4-wheel drive car driving up for a 2-wheel drive (engine at the
the M1. front) car driving up the M1 as well.
04/08/23
04/08/23
04/08/23
04/08/23
04/08/23
Momentum
Any object that has both mass and
velocity has MOMENTUM. Momentum
(symbol “p”) is simply given by the formula: P

Momentum = Mass x Velocity


(in kgms-1) (in kg) (in ms-1)
M V

What is the momentum of the following?


1) A 1kg football travelling at 10ms-1
2) A 1000kg Ford Capri travelling at 30ms-1
3) A 20g pen being thrown across the room at 5ms-1
4) A 70kg bungi-jumper falling at 40ms-1
04/08/23
Conservation of Momentum
The Principle of the Conservation of Momentum: In any collision or
explosion momentum is conserved (provided that there are no external
forces have an effect).
Two cars are racing around the M25. Car A collides with the back of car B
and the cars stick together. What speed do they move at after the
collision?

Speed = 50ms-1 Speed = 20ms-1

Mass = 1000kg Mass = 800kg

Mass = 1800kg Speed = ??ms-1

Momentum before = momentum after…


…so 1000 x 50 + 800 x 20 = 1800 x V…

…V = 36.7ms-1
04/08/23
Momentum in different directions
What happens if the bodies are moving in opposite directions?

Speed = 50ms-1 Speed = 20ms-1

Mass = 1000kg Mass = 800kg

Momentum is a VECTOR quantity, so the momentum of the


second car is negative…

Total momentum = 1000 x 50 – 800 x 20 = 34000 kgms-1

Speed after collision = 34000 kgms-1 / 1800 = 18.9ms-1


04/08/23
Another example
Consider the nuclear decay of Americium-241:

237
Np 241
Am
4
2
α
93 95

If the new neptunium atom moves away at


a speed of 5x105 ms-1 what was the speed
of the alpha particle?
04/08/23
More questions…
1) A white snooker ball moving at 5ms-1 strikes a red ball and pots it.
Both balls have a mass of 1kg. If the white ball continued in the same
direction at 2ms-1 what was the velocity of the red ball?

2) A car of mass 1000kg heading up the M1 at 50ms-1 collides with a


stationary truck of mass 8000kg and sticks to it. What velocity does
the wreckage move forward at?

3) A defender running away from a goalkeeper at 5ms-1 is hit in the back


of his head by the goal kick. The ball stops dead and the player’s speed
increases to 5.5ms-1. If the ball had a mass of 500g and the player had
a mass of 70kg how fast was the ball moving?

4) A gun has a recoil speed of 2ms-1 when firing. If the gun has a mass of
2kg and the bullet has a mass of 10g what speed does the bullet come
04/08/23
Newton’s 2nd Law and Impulse
Instead of F=ma Newton actually said that the force acting on
an object is that object’s rate of change of momentum. In
other words…

Force = Change in momentum (in kgms-1) mv


(in N)
Time (in s)
F T
Also called “impulse”

For example, Wayne Rooney takes a free kick by kicking a stationary


football with a force of 40N. If the ball has a mass of 0.5kg and his
foot is in contact with the ball for 0.1s calculate:
1) The change in momentum of the ball (its impulse),
2) The speed the ball moves away with
04/08/23
Example questions
1) Alice likes playing golf. She strikes a golf ball with a force
of 80N. If the ball has a mass of 200g and the club is in
contact with it for 0.2s calculate a) the change in
momentum of the golf ball, b) its speed.
2) Sam thinks it’s funny to hit tennis balls at Sean. He strikes
a serve with a force of 30N. If the ball has a mass of
250g and the racket is in contact with it for 0.15s calculate
the ball’s change in momentum and its speed.
3) Dom takes a dropkick by kicking a 0.4kg rugby ball away at
10m/s. If his foot was in contact with the ball for 0.1
seconds calculate the force he applied to the ball.
4) Steve strikes a 200g golf ball away at 50ms-1. If he applied
a force of 50N calculate how long his club was in contact
with the ball for.
04/08/23
Another way to ask the same question…
Here’s a situation we looked at earlier…

Speed = 50ms-1 Speed = 20ms-1

Mass = 1000kg Mass = 800kg

What’s the impulse of the car on the left if the cars stick
together?

20000N

Calculate an Force
appropriate scale
for the force-time
graph shown.
Time
Moments revision 04/08/23

A moment is a “turning force”, e.g. trying to open or close a


door or using a spanner. The size of the moment is given by:

Moment (in Nm) = force (in N) x PERPENDICULAR distance


from pivot (in m)

Calculate the following turning moments:


5 metres

100 Newtons

2 metres

200 Newtons
Turning Moments revision
04/08/23

2 metres 2 metres

200 Newtons 100 Newtons

Total ANTI-CLOCKWISE Total CLOCKWISE turning


turning moment = 200x2 = moment = 100x2 = 200Nm
400Nm

The anti-clockwise moment is bigger so the seesaw will


turn anti-clockwise
Balanced or unbalanced?
04/08/23
04/08/23
The Principle of Moments

“If a body is in equilibrium the sum of


the clockwise moments is equal to the
sum of the anti-clockwise moments.”
04/08/23
An example question
This seesaw is balanced:

? metres
5 metres

2000 Newtons 800 Newtons


Calculate the missing quantity 04/08/23

The following are all balanced:


??N
2N

4m 2m

5N 3N

2m ??m

5N 5N 15N

4m 2m
??m
04/08/23
Turning Moments
Consider a man walking along a plank of wood on a cliff.
How far can he walk over the cliff before the plank tips over?
Aaarrgghh
Man’s weight =
800N

1m
Plank’s weight =
200N
3m
04/08/23
A recap question
1) State the principle of moments

2) Calculate the mass of man in the example given below:

30kg

0.4m 1.2m
04/08/23
Types of Energy Recap
Type Something you know about it
Heat
Kinetic (movement)
Nuclear
Sound
Light
Chemical
Electrical
Gravitational potential
Elastic potential
04/08/23
Kinetic energy
Any object that moves will have kinetic energy.

The amount of kinetic energy an object has can be found using


the formula:

Kinetic energy = ½ x mass x velocity squared


in J in kg in m/s

Ek = ½ mv2
04/08/23
Example questions
1) Katie drives her car at a speed of 30ms-1. If the combined
mass of her and the car is 1000kg what is her kinetic
energy?

2) Ben rides his bike at a speed of 10ms-1. If the combined


mass of Ben and his bike is 80kg what is his kinetic energy?

3) Will is running and has a kinetic energy of 750J. If his


mass is 60kg how fast is he running?

4) Connor is walking to town. If he has a kinetic energy of


150J and he’s walking at a pace of 2ms-1 what is his mass?
04/08/23
Gravitational Potential Energy
To work out how much gravitational potential energy
(GPE) an object gains when it is lifted up we would use
the simple equation…

ΔEgrav = Weight x Change in height


(Joules) (newtons) (metres)

(Remember - W=mg)
ΔEgrav

mg H
Some example questions…
04/08/23

How much gravitational potential energy have the following


objects gained?:
1. A brick that weighs 10N lifted to the top of a house (10m),
2. A 1,000kg car lifted by a ramp up to a height of 2m,
3. A 70kg person lifted up 50cm by a friend.

How much GPE have the following objects lost?:


1. A 2N football dropping out of the air after being kicked up
30m,
2. A 0.5N egg falling 10m out of a bird nest,
3. A 1,000kg car falling off its 200cm ramp.
Energy changes for a skydiver
Recall our skydiver:

If the skydiver has reached terminal velocity explain what


happened to his…
1) Kinetic energy
2) Gravitational potential energy
…during his skydive.
Roller Coasters
1) Electrical energy is
transferred into gravitational 3) Kinetic energy is
potential energy transferred back
into gravitational
potential energy

2) Gravitational potential
energy is transferred into
kinetic energy
Using conservation of energy when dropping objects

If I drop this ball 1m how fast will it be going


when it hits the floor?

Use GPE at top = Kinetic energy at bottom

mgh = ½mv2
I wonder if using
gh = ½v 2
SUVAT gives the
v2 same answer?
h=
2g 1m
v2 = 2 x 9.81 x 1
v2 = 19.62
v = 4.43m/s
An example question…
04/08/23

If the height of the drop was 100m and assuming there was a
100% conversion from gravitational to kinetic energy, how
fast was the roller coaster car moving at the bottom of the
ramp?
04/08/23
Conservation of Energy
Consider a bouncing ball:
Gravitational
Potential Energy

Time
04/08/23
Conservation of Energy
Consider a bouncing ball:

Kinetic Energy

Time
04/08/23
Conservation of Energy
Now put these graphs together:

Energy

Total
energy of
the ball

Time
04/08/23
Work done
Work done (in joules) is simply the force needed to move an
object multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the
force:

ΔW
ΔW = FΔs

F Δs
04/08/23
Power
Power (in watts) is “the rate of doing work”:

ΔW
P = ΔW
Δt P Δt

Also, using our “work done” equation: ΔW = FΔs

P = ΔW = FΔs
…therefore P = Fv
Δt Δt
04/08/23
Random questions on work and power
1) Adam pushes Dan in the direction of a cliff. If he uses a
force of 40N and he moves Dan 10m in 4s calculate the
work done and Adam’s power rating.
2) Richard runs up some stairs and has a power rating of
600W while he does so. If he does it in 5 seconds and his
weight is 750N calculate how high the stairs are.
3) A man pulls a block of wood at an angle of 200 to the
horizontal and uses a force of 50N. If the distance
travelled horizontally is 5m calculate the work done by the
man and his power if the journey lasted 10 seconds.

200
50N
Efficiency revision
04/08/23

Efficiency is a measure of how much USEFUL energy you


get out of an object from the energy you put INTO it.
For example, consider a TV:
(80 J )
Light
Electrical
Energy (200J) Sound (40J)

Heat (
?)

Efficiency = Useful energy out


x100%
Energy in
04/08/23
Some examples of efficiency…
1) 5000J of electrical energy are put into a motor. The
motor converts this into 100J of movement energy. How
efficient is it?

2) A laptop can convert 400W of electrical power into 240W


of light and sound power. What is its efficiency? Where
does the rest of the energy go?

3) A steam engine is 50% efficient. If it delivers 20,000W


of movement power how much chemical energy was put into
it every second?

You might also like