Multithreaded Programming Using Java Threads
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MITMCAMultithreaded Programming Using Java Threads
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MITMCAMultithreaded Programming using Java Threads
Agenda
Introduction Thread Applications Defining Threads Java Threads and States Examples
A single threaded program
class ABC { .
public void main(..) { .. }
begin
body end
}
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A Multithreaded Program
Main Thread
start
start
start
Thread A
Thread B
Thread C
Threads may switch or exchange data/results
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Single and Multithreaded Processes
threads are light-weight processes within a process
Single-threaded Process Threads of Execution Multiplethreaded Process
Multiple instruction stream Single instruction stream Common Address Space
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Multithreaded Server: For Serving Multiple Clients Concurrently
Client 1 Process
Server Process
Server Threads
Internet
Client 2 Process
Web/Internet Applications: Serving Many Users Simultaneously
PC client
Internet Server
Local Area Network
PDA
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Modern Applications need Threads (ex1): Editing and Printing documents in background.
Printing Thread Printing Thread
Editing Editing Thread Thread
Multithreaded/Parallel File Copy
reader() reader() {{ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --lock(buff[i]); lock(buff[i]); read(src,buff[i]); read(src,buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --}} writer() writer() {{ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -lock(buff[i]); lock(buff[i]); write(src,buff[i]); write(src,buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]); -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -}}
buff[0] buff[0] buff[1] buff[1]
Cooperative Parallel Cooperative Parallel Synchronized Threads Synchronized Threads
Levels of Parallelism
Sockets/ PVM/MPI
Task i-l Task i-l Task ii Task Task i+1 Task i+1
Code-Granularity Code-Granularity Code Item Code Item Large grain Large grain (task level) (task level) Program Program Medium grain Medium grain (control level) (control level) Function (thread) Function (thread) Fine grain Fine grain (data level) (data level) Loop (Compiler) Loop (Compiler) Very fine grain Very fine grain (multiple issue) (multiple issue) With hardware With hardware
Threads
func1 ( () ) func1 {{ .... .... .... .... }}
func2 ( () ) func2 {{ .... .... .... .... }}
func3 ( () ) func3 {{ .... .... .... .... }}
Compilers CPU
aa( (00) )=.. =.. bb( (00) )=.. =..
aa( (11)=.. )=.. bb( (11)=.. )=..
aa( (22)=.. )=.. bb( (22)=.. )=..
+ +
x x
Load Load
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What are Threads?
A piece of code that run in concurrent with other threads. Each thread is a statically ordered sequence of instructions. Threads are being extensively used express concurrency on both single and multiprocessors machines. Programming a task having multiple threads of control Multithreading or Multithreaded Programming.
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Java Threads
Java has built in thread support for Multithreading Synchronization Thread Scheduling Inter-Thread Communication:
currentThread yield sleep resume
start run stop
setPriority getPriority suspend
Java Garbage Collector is a low-priority thread.
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Threading Mechanisms...
Create a class that extends the Thread class Create a class that implements the Runnable interface
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1st method: Extending Thread class
Threads are implemented as objects that contains a method called run()
class MyThread extends Thread { public void run() { // thread body of execution } }
Create a thread: MyThread thr1 = new MyThread(); Start Execution of threads: thr1.start(); Create and Execute: new MyThread().start();
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An example
class MyThread extends Thread { // the thread public void run() { System.out.println(" this thread is running ... "); } } // end class MyThread class ThreadEx1 { // a program that utilizes the thread public static void main(String [] args ) { MyThread t = new MyThread(); // due to extending the Thread class (above) // I can call start(), and this will call // run(). start() is a method in class Thread. t.start(); } // end main() } // end class ThreadEx1
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2nd method: Threads by implementing Runnable interface
class MyThread implements Runnable { ..... public void run() { // thread body of execution } } Creating Object: MyThread myObject = new MyThread(); Creating Thread Object: Thread thr1 = new Thread( myObject ); Start Execution: thr1.start();
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An example
class MyThread implements Runnable { public void run() { System.out.println(" this thread is running ... "); } } // end class MyThread class ThreadEx2 { public static void main(String [] args ) { Thread t = new Thread(new MyThread()); // due to implementing the Runnable interface // I can call start(), and this will call run(). t.start(); } // end main() } // end class ThreadEx2
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Life Cycle of Thread
new
start() wait() sleep()
run() runnable
stop() notify()
non-runnable
dead
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A Program with Three Java Threads
Write a program that creates 3 threads
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Three threads example
class A extends Thread { public void run() { for(int i=1;i<=5;i++) { System.out.println("\t From ThreadA: i= "+i); } System.out.println("Exit from A"); } } class B extends Thread { public void run() { for(int j=1;j<=5;j++) { System.out.println("\t From ThreadB: j= "+j); } System.out.println("Exit from B"); } }
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class C extends Thread { public void run() { for(int k=1;k<=5;k++) { System.out.println("\t From ThreadC: k= "+k); } System.out.println("Exit from C"); } }
class ThreadTest { public static void main(String args[]) { new A().start(); new B().start(); new C().start(); } }
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Run 1
C:\> java ThreadTest From ThreadA: i= 1 From ThreadA: i= 2 From ThreadA: i= 3 From ThreadA: i= 4 From ThreadA: i= 5 Exit from A From ThreadC: k= 1 From ThreadC: k= 2 From ThreadC: k= 3 From ThreadC: k= 4 From ThreadC: k= 5 Exit from C From ThreadB: j= 1 From ThreadB: j= 2 From ThreadB: j= 3 From ThreadB: j= 4 From ThreadB: j= 5 Exit from B
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Run2
C:/ java ThreadTest From ThreadA: i= 1 From ThreadA: i= 2 From ThreadA: i= 3 From ThreadA: i= 4 From ThreadA: i= 5 From ThreadC: k= 1 From ThreadC: k= 2 From ThreadC: k= 3 From ThreadC: k= 4 From ThreadC: k= 5 Exit from C From ThreadB: j= 1 From ThreadB: j= 2 From ThreadB: j= 3 From ThreadB: j= 4 From ThreadB: j= 5 Exit from B Exit from A
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Thread Priority
In Java, each thread is assigned priority, which affects the order in which it is scheduled for running. The threads so far had same default priority (NORM_PRIORITY) and they are served using FCFS policy.
Java allows users to change priority:
ThreadName.setPriority(intNumber)
MIN_PRIORITY = 1 NORM_PRIORITY=5 MAX_PRIORITY=10
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Thread Priority Example
class A extends Thread
{ public void run() { System.out.println("Thread A started"); for(int i=1;i<=4;i++) { System.out.println("\t From ThreadA: i= "+i); } System.out.println("Exit from A"); }
} class B extends Thread { public void run() { System.out.println("Thread B started"); for(int j=1;j<=4;j++) { System.out.println("\t From ThreadB: j= "+j); } System.out.println("Exit from B"); } }
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Thread Priority Example
class C extends Thread { public void run() { System.out.println("Thread C started"); for(int k=1;k<=4;k++) { System.out.println("\t From ThreadC: k= "+k); } System.out.println("Exit from C"); } } class ThreadPriority { public static void main(String args[]) { A threadA=new A(); B threadB=new B(); C threadC=new C(); threadC.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); threadB.setPriority(threadA.getPriority()+1); threadA.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); System.out.println("Started Thread A"); threadA.start(); System.out.println("Started Thread B"); threadB.start(); System.out.println("Started Thread C"); threadC.start(); System.out.println("End of main thread"); } }
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Accessing Shared Resources
Applications Access to Shared Resources need to be coordinated.
Printer (two person jobs cannot be printed at the same time) Simultaneous operations on your bank account. Can the following operations be done at the same time on the same account?
Deposit() Withdraw() Enquire()
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Online Bank: Serving Many Customers and Operations
PC client
Internet Bank Server
Local Area Network
Bank Database
PDA
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Shared Resources
If one thread tries to read the data and other thread tries to update the same date, it leads to inconsistent state. This can be prevented by synchronising access to the data. Use Synchronized method:
public synchronized void update() {
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the driver: 3rd Threads sharing the same object
class InternetBankingSystem { public static void main(String [] args ) { Account accountObject = new Account ();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyThread(accountObject)); Thread t2 = new Thread(new YourThread(accountObject)); Thread t3 = new Thread(new HerThread(accountObject));
t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start(); // DO some other operation } // end main() }
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Shared account object between 3 threads
class MyThread implements Runnable { Account account; public MyThread (Account s) { account = s;} public void run() { account.deposit(); } } // end class MyThread class YourThread implements Runnable { Account account; public YourThread (Account s) { account = s;} public void run() { account.withdraw(); } } // end class YourThread class HerThread implements Runnable { Account account; public HerThread (Account s) { account = s; } public void run() {account.enquire(); } } // end class HerThread
accoun t (shared object)
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Monitor (shared object access): serializes operation on shared object
class Account { // the 'monitor' int balance;
// if 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable public synchronized void deposit( ) { // METHOD BODY : balance += deposit_amount; } public synchronized void withdraw( ) { // METHOD BODY: balance -= deposit_amount; } public synchronized void enquire( ) { // METHOD BODY: display balance. }
}
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Multithreaded Server
Client Process Client Process Server Process
Server Threads
Multithreaded Server
User Mode Kernel Mode
Message Passing Facility
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