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Quartiles

Quartiles divide a dataset into quarters based on the values that partition the data into four equal groups. The first quartile (Q1) is the median of the lower half of the data, the second quartile (Q2) is the overall median, and the third quartile (Q3) is the median of the upper half. Box-and-whisker plots visually summarize a dataset using the quartiles to show the median, range and spread of the values. Histograms are bar charts that show the distribution of continuous data values or ranges within the full dataset. The normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve important for modeling naturally occurring phenomena, and the empirical rule describes how much of the data falls within

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12 views27 pages

Quartiles

Quartiles divide a dataset into quarters based on the values that partition the data into four equal groups. The first quartile (Q1) is the median of the lower half of the data, the second quartile (Q2) is the overall median, and the third quartile (Q3) is the median of the upper half. Box-and-whisker plots visually summarize a dataset using the quartiles to show the median, range and spread of the values. Histograms are bar charts that show the distribution of continuous data values or ranges within the full dataset. The normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve important for modeling naturally occurring phenomena, and the empirical rule describes how much of the data falls within

Uploaded by

John Luis Bantolino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUARTILES

QUARTILES ARE THE VALUES THAT DIVIDE A LIST OF NUMBERS INTO QUARTERS: THE THREE
NUMBERS Q1, Q2, AND Q3 THAT PARTITION A RANKED DATA SET INTO FOUR (APPROXIMATELY)
EQUAL GROUPS ARE CALLED THE QUARTILES OF THE DATA.
EXAMPLE

• For instance, for the data set below, the values Q1 = 11, Q2 = 29, and Q3 = 104 are the
quartiles of the data.

• The quartile Q1 is called the first quartile. The quartile Q2 is called the second quartile. It
is the median of the data. The quartile Q3 is called the third quartile.
THE FOLLOWING METHOD OF FINDING QUARTILES MAKES USE OF MEDIANS.
EXAMPLE

• 1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8

• The numbers are already in order


• Cut the list into quarters:
• In this case Quartile 2 is half way between 5 and 6: Q2 = (5+6)/2 = 5.5
• And the result is: Quartile 1 (Q1) = 3 Quartile 2 (Q2) = 5.5 Quartile 3 (Q3) = 7
BOX AND WHISKER PLOTS

• A box-and-whisker plot (sometimes called a box plot) is often used to provide a visual
summary of a set of data.
• A box-and-whisker plot shows the median, the first and third quartiles, and the minimum
and maximum values of a data set. See the figure below.
EXAMPLE

• Construct a box-and-whisker plot for the data set Q1 = 39, Q2 = 43, and Q3 = 51.5. The
minimum data value for the data set is 26, and the maximum data value is 73. Thus the
box-and-whisker plot is shown below.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS AND HISTOGRAMS

• A frequency distribution shows how often each different value in a set of data occurs. A
histogram is a most commonly used graph to show frequency distributions. It looks very
much like a bar chart, but there are important differences between them.
WHAT IS A HISTOGRAM DIAGRAM?

• The histogram is a graph that is often used in mathematics and statistics. Histograms are
used to measure how frequently values or value ranges appear in a set of data.
BAR CHARTS AND HISTOGRAMS:
CATEGORICAL AND QUANTITATIVE
• Histogram diagrams have characteristics in common with traditional bar charts – they
both measure frequency and use a similar layout. However, there is a key difference:
• Bar charts measure categorical data: data that can be split into different
categories or types
• Histograms measure continuous, quantitative data: data that can be counted
Bar charts are certainly a useful tool to visualise the size of each category, but
histograms are a better way to display frequency distribution over a range.
Histograms also allow us to better analyse the data set and find its mean, median
and mode.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND THE EMPIRICAL RULE

• One of the most important statistical distributions of data is known as a normal


distribution. This distribution occurs in a variety of applications.
• Types of data that may demonstrate a normal distribution include the lengths of leaves on
a tree, the weights of newborns in a hospital, the lengths of time of a student’s trip from
home to school over a period of months, the Scholastic Assessment Test, scores of a large
group of students, the life spans of light bulbs, heights of people, measurement errors,
blood pressure, points on a test, IQ scores and salaries.
• A normal distribution forms a bell-shaped curve that is symmetric about a vertical line
through the mean of the data. A graph of a normal distribution with a mean of 5 is shown
below
• In the normal distribution shown below, the area of the shaded region is 0.159 units. This
region represents the fact that 15.9% of the data are greater than or equal to 10.

• Because the area under the curve is 1, the unshaded region under the curve has area 1 -
0.159, or 0.841, representing the fact that 84.1% of the data are less than 10.
• The following rule, called the Empirical Rule, describes the percent’s of data that lie
within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution.
EMPIRICAL RULE FOR A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

• In a normal distribution, approximately


• 68% of the data lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
• 95% of the data lie within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
• 99.7% of the data lie within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
EXAMPLE

• A survey of 1000 U.S. gas stations found that the price charged for a gallon of regular gas
could be closely approximated by a normal distribution with a mean of $3.10 and a
standard deviation of $0.18. How many of the stations charge.
a) between $2.74 and $3.46 for a gallon of regular gas?
SOLUTION:
The $2.74 per gallon price is 2 standard deviations below the mean. The $3.46 price is 2
standard deviations above the mean. In a normal distribution, 95% of all data lie within 2
standard deviations of the mean. See Figure 5.1.
• Therefore approximately,
• (95%) (1000) = (0.95) (1000) = 950 of the stations charge between $2.74 and $3.46 for a
gallon of regular gas of the stations charge between $2.74 and $3.46 for a gallon of
regular gas.
THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

• It is often helpful to convert data values x to z-scores, by using the z-score formulas:

• If the original distribution of x values is a normal distribution, then the corresponding


distribution of z-scores will also be a normal distribution. This normal distribution of z-
scores is called the standard normal distribution.
• Tables and calculators are often used to determine the area under a portion of the standard
normal curve. We will refer to this type of area as an area of the standard normal
distribution. Normal curve table gives the approximate areas of the standard normal
distribution between the mean 0 and z standard deviations from the mean. Because the
standard normal distribution is symmetrical about the mean of 0, we can also use normal
curve table to find the area of a region that is located to the left of the mean. This process
is explained in the next Example.
EXAMPLE

• DIRECTION: Use Symmetry to Determine an Area


• Find the area of the standard normal distribution between z = –1.44 and z = 0.
Solution: Because the standard normal distribution is symmetrical about the center line z =
0, the area of the standard normal distribution between z = –1.44 and z = 0 is equal to the
area between z = 0 and z = 1.44.
• The entry in normal curve table associated with z = 1.44 is 0.425. Thus the area of the
standard normal distribution between z = –1.44 and z = 0 is 0.425 square unit.
• In Figure 6.2, the region to the right of z = 0.82 is called a tail region. A tail region is a
region of the standard normal distribution to the right of a positive z-value or to the left of
a negative z-value.

To find the area of a tail region, we subtract the entry in normal curve table from 0.500.
• Because the area of a portion of the standard normal distribution can be interpreted as a
percentage of the data or as a probability that the variable lies in a particular interval, we
can use the standard normal distribution to solve many application problems.
EXAMPLE

• A soda machine dispenses soda into 12-ounce cups. Tests show that the actual amount of
soda dispensed is normally distributed, with a mean of 11.5 oz and a standard deviation
of 0.2 oz.
What percent of cups will receive less than 11.25 oz of soda?
SOLUTION: We know now that the formula for the z-score for a data value x is

The z-score for 11.25 oz is


• Normal curve table indicates that 0.394 (39.4%) of the data in a normal distribution are
between z = 0 and z = 1.25. Because the data are normally distributed, 39.4% of the data
is also between z = 0 and z = –1.25.
• The percent of data to the left of z = –1.25 is 50% – 39.4% = 10.6%. See Figure 13.11.

Thus 10.6% of the cups filled by the soda machine will receive less than 11.25 oz of soda.

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