CONTENTS

• TTL LOGIC LEVELS

• RISE TIME AND FALL TIME
• RS232
• RS422
• ETHERNET
• PPS
• GNSS RECEIVER
TTL LOGIC LEVELS
TTL LOGIC LEVELS
• TTL : Transistor-Transistor Logic.
• VOH -- Minimum OUTPUT Voltage level a TTL
device will provide for a HIGH signal.
• VIH -- Minimum INPUT Voltage level to be
considered a HIGH.
• VOL -- Maximum OUTPUT Voltage level a
device will provide for a LOW signal.
• VIL -- Maximum INPUT Voltage level to still
be considered a LOW.
5V TTL V/S 3.3V LVTTL
TTL LOGIC
• Minimum output HIGH voltage (VOH) is 2.7 V. Basically, this means that
output voltage of the device driving HIGH will always be at least 2.7 V.
The minimum input HIGH voltage (VIH) is 2 V, or basically any voltage
that is at least 2 V will be read in as a logic 1 (HIGH) to a TTL device.
TTL LOGIC
• maximum output LOW voltage (VOL) is 0.4 V. This means that a device
trying to send out a logic 0 will always be below 0.4 V. The maximum
input LOW voltage (VIL) is 0.8 V. So, any input signal that is below 0.8 V
will still be considered a logic 0 (LOW) when read into the device.
NOTE
• Voltage that is in between 0.8 V and 2 V: UNDEFINED and Invalid.
RISE TIME AND FALL TIME
RISE TIME AND FALL TIME

RISE TIME: The time it takes for the leading edge of a pulse
(voltage or current) to rise from its minimum to its maximum
value. Typically measured from 10% - 90% of the value.

FALL TIME: The measurement of the time it takes for the pulse
to move from the highest value to the lowest value. Typically
measured from 90% - 10% of the value.
RS232 PROTOCOL
 RS232 PROTOCOL
• Serial Communication Standard( 1 bit at a time along a single
line) developed by the Electronic Industry Association (EIA)
and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA).
• RS232 defines the signals connecting between DTE and DCE

Easy to design as it requires very less hardware

Logic ‘1’: -15V to -3V and Logic ‘0’:+3V to +15V
Low level voltage: logic ‘1’ and High level voltage: logic ‘0’.
RS232 9 Pin Connector
Procedural Specifications
• In order to send data from computer to Modem, the following
procedure must be followed.
• When Modem (DCE) is ready to receive, it will send a DCE ready
signal(DSR).
• When the computer (DTE) is ready to send the data, it sends a Ready
to Send (RTS) signal.
• The Modem (DCE) then sends a Clear to Send (CTS) signal to indicate
that data can be sent by computer (DTE).
• Finally, the Computer (DTE) sends data on Transmit Data (TD) line to
the Modem (DCE).
Frame format of the RS232
RS422
RS 422 (SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL)
• Intended to replace RS-232C standard with a standard that offers higher
speed, higher immune to noise and longer cable lengths.

• Higher data rate as 10 Mbps (lower length cable) or may be sent on

cables as long as 1,200 meters (3,900 ft) at lower rates.

• Since the signal quality degrades with cable length, the maximum data
rate decreases as cable length increases.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
• Voltage levels: −6 to +6 V (maximum differential voltage)
• Standard: TIA/EIA-422
• Available signals: Tx+, Tx−, Rx+, Rx−
• Mark (1): Negative voltages
• Maximum binary rate: 10 Mbit/s
ETHERNET
 ETHERNET
• Communication standard developed in early 80s to network
computers and others devices in a local environment.
• LAN
• Connects multiple devices so that they can create, store and share the
information with other nodes in the network.
• Ethernet is wired system( initially it was coaxial), now twisted pair
cable and optical fiber wiring.
• 1983 – IEEE – 802.3
• Operates in physical layer and data link layer of OSI model.
PHYSICAL LAYER: CABLING AND DEVICES

• Twisted pair cable

• Cat 6 : upto 1gbps
• Cat6a and Cat7: 10gbps
• Cat5 & cat5e : conventional
• 10mbps – 100 mbps : more susceptible to noise
• Half –duplex: One way communication (either send or receive at a time)
• RJ-45 LAN connection to both end
• Full duplex: Allows data to be transmitted at both direction at the same
time.
• Switches/ routes: Directors of network and connects multiple
computers and network together.
• Bridges: Connects multiple Ethernet n/w together and allows
communication across them. Similar network connection
• Gateways: Connects 2 dissimilar networks together.
PULSE PER SECOND
(PPS)
 PULSE PER SECOND
(PPS)
A pulse per second (PPS or 1PPS) is an electrical signal that has a
width of less than one second and a sharply rising or abruptly falling
edge that accurately repeats once per second. PPS signals are output
by radio beacons, frequency standards, other types of
precision oscillators and some GPS receivers.
Precision clocks are sometimes manufactured by interfacing
a PPS signal generator to processing equipment that aligns
the PPS signal to the UTC second and converts it to a useful
display. Atomic clocks usually have an external PPS output,
although internally they may operate
at 9,192,631,770 Hz. PPS signals have an accuracy ranging
from a 12 picoseconds to a few microseconds per second, or
2.0 nanoseconds to a few milliseconds per day based on the
resolution and accuracy of the device generating the signal.
GNSS RECIEVER
 GNSS Receiver
• Global Navigation satellite System
• Has 2 parts
• Antenna: Receives the signals
• Receiver: signal information turns into measurements that we understand (Latitude and longitude)
Constellation of satellite that has orbital period of 11 Hr 58 Min 2 Sec
GNSS satellite
GLONASS (RUSSIA)
GALILEO (EUROPE)
BEIDOU (CHINA)
QZSS (JPN)
IRNSS (IND)
GPS (USA)
Information is transmitted to the receiver to obtain the satellites position, time and status.
GNSS Receiver Architecture

• Antenna - capturing GNSS signals, noise and possible interference.

• Front End - The front-end typically down-converts, filters, amplifies
and digitizes the incoming signals.
• Baseband signal processing - Several signal processing routines are
used to acquire and track the different signals.
• Applications Processing - Depending on the envisaged application,
the receiver performs different tasks with the resulting GNSS
information, and provides meaningful results to the user.
GNSS Comprises of 3 segment
• Control Segment: Network monitoring, control methods,
upload stations to ensure the satellite healthiness.
• Space Segment: GNSS satellite
• User Segment: Process the received GNSS signals to derive the
location and time information.
How users position is estimated:
• Propagation time = time that signal reached Rxr – time that
signal left satellite
• Distance to the satellite = Propagation time * speed of light
• We need measurement from 3 satellites and their exact position
is Trilateration
• Need 4 satellite to provide users coordinates and time