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STACK

This document discusses classes, pointers, and dynamic memory allocation in C++. It defines a class called Rectangle with private data members width and length, and public member functions to set values and calculate area. It also defines a Student class with data members for student name and marks, and member functions to set values, calculate average, and print information. The document explains what pointers are, how to declare and initialize pointer variables, dereferencing pointers, and how pointers can be used to swap variable values. It discusses dynamic memory allocation using new and delete operators to dynamically allocate memory at runtime rather than compile-time, and how new[] and delete[] can be used to allocate and free dynamic arrays. Exercises provided involve using pointers to

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Anas Sha'arani
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46 views18 pages

STACK

This document discusses classes, pointers, and dynamic memory allocation in C++. It defines a class called Rectangle with private data members width and length, and public member functions to set values and calculate area. It also defines a Student class with data members for student name and marks, and member functions to set values, calculate average, and print information. The document explains what pointers are, how to declare and initialize pointer variables, dereferencing pointers, and how pointers can be used to swap variable values. It discusses dynamic memory allocation using new and delete operators to dynamically allocate memory at runtime rather than compile-time, and how new[] and delete[] can be used to allocate and free dynamic arrays. Exercises provided involve using pointers to

Uploaded by

Anas Sha'arani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB3

Class & Pointers

Eng.Wafaa alghaliby
What is Class
The mechanism that allows you to combine data and the
function in a single unit is called a class.
-A class would be the data type
-An object would be the variable.
Defining Class:
class class_name
{
;private: Data Members or private function
;public: Data Members or public function
};
class Rectangle
{
:private
;float width, length
:public
void set_value(float w, float l)
{
;Width=w; length=l
}
int calcArea(void)
{
Return width* length
}
;}
;Rectangle c1, c2
;c1.set_value(2.5,2.4 )
Exercise 1
Create a class called student class that includes three attribute as
data members
student_name ,mark1,mark2,mark3

And Provide public functions:


1. Void Set_value(string n, float m1, float m2, float m3) :
for set data member
2. float Student_calculate() :
if one of each mark between (49-47) , set mark=50 then
calculate the average
3. void print () function
for display the studet ninformation
Pointers
What is a POINTER?

• A pointer variable contains an address. A pointer variable can be


declared as follows:
int     *ptr;
This declares ptr to be a (pointer) variable that can contain the
address of an integer variable.

Initialize pointers to 0, NULL, or an address


 0 or NULL – points to nothing (NULL preferred)

:Memory address
1020 1024 1032

… … 100 … 1024 …
Int a
 Pointer Variables
A pointer is also a variable, so it has its own memory address
int a = 100;
Result is:
int *p = &a; // 1024
100 1024
1024 1032
cout << a << " " << &a <<endl; 100

cout << p << " " << &p <<endl;


Cout<< *p
We can access to the value stored in the variable pointed to by using the
dereferencing operator (*), a 1024
100

P 1024

P& 1032
Exercise 1
Write a program that asks the user to enter integers as
inputs to be stored in the variables A and B
respectively. There are also two integer pointers names
ptrA and ptrB . Assign the values of A and B to ptrA
and ptrB respectively, and display them.

**Then swap between them by using pointers.


 
DYNAMIC MEMORY
ALLOCATION

· Memory is allocated for variables in two ways:

· Static (or at compile-time)


)integer variable x, Arrays(
· Dynamic (or at run-time)

Dynamic memory allocation is in contrast with this. Memory


gets allocated at the time of running the program and hence we
can use memory to exactly meet our needs.
DMA
New and Delete Operators
⁻ Instead of define an int variable (int number), and
assign the address of the variable to the int pointer (int
*pNumber = &number)

⁻ the storage can be dynamically allocated at runtime, via a


new operator.

⁻ The delete operator can only be used to delete data


allocated by a delet operator.
Object (variable) creation: New
Syntax
ptr = new SomeType;

where ptr is a pointer of type SomeType

Example
;int* p = new int

Uninitialized int variable

p
Object (variable) destruction: Delete
Syntax
delete p;
storage pointed to by p is returned to free store and p is now undefined

Example
;int* p = new int
;p = 10*
;delete p

p 10
Array of New: dynamic arrays

Syntax
P = new SomeType[Expression];
Where
 P is a pointer of type SomeType
 Expression is the number of objects to be constructed -- we
are making an array

Because of the flexible pointer syntax, P can be


considered to be an array
Example
Dynamic Memory Allocation
 Request for “unnamed” memory from the Operating System

 int *p, n=10; new


p = new int;
p
p = new int[100];

new

p
new
;p = new int[n] p
new[] and delete[] Operators
 Dynamic array is allocated at runtime rather than
compile-time, via the new[] operator. To remove the
storage, you need to use the delete[] operator (instead of
simply delete).
Exercise 2

By Using dynamic arrays, write a program that define


an array contains 10 integer elements , add 5 for each
elements in array ,then print the array elements.
Pointers as Function Parameters
A pointer can be used as a function parameter. It gives
the function access to the original argument, much like
a reference parameter does.
Function Header:
void fun_N(int * ptr)
Function call:
fun_N(& ptra)
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

void sum(int *a,int *b)


{
cout<<*a+*b;
}
main()
{
int a,b;
cin>>a>>b;
sum(&a,&b);
}
Exercise 3

Using only pointers(no array index),write

 Function to add all numbers in an integer array ,

 Function to print all odd numbers array in the array

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