His 9.8

ANSI/HI 9.
8
PUMP INTAKE DESIGN
WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Sensitivity: LNT Construction Internal Use
1
WHY PUMP INTAKE DESIGN..??
Specific hydraulic phenomena that can adversely affect the

performance of pumps. These are:
• Submerged vortices
• Free-surface vortices
• Excessive pre-swirl of flow entering the pump
• Excessive variations in velocity and swirl with time Fig. Submerged vortices
• Entrained air or gas bubbles
Typical symptoms of adverse hydraulic conditions are reduced flow
rate, head, effects on power, and increased vibration and noise.
The intake structure should be designed to allow the pumps to achieve
their optimum hydraulic performance for all operating conditions.
Fig. Free Surface vortices

Sensitivity: LNT Construction Internal Use ANSI/HI 9.8-1998 2
INTAKE STRUCTURE FOR CLEAR LIQUIDS
• Rectangular Intake Structure
Fig. Rectangular Intake Design

INTAKE STRUCTURE FOR CLEAR LIQUIDS
• Circular Intake Structure
Fig. Circular Intake Design

RECOMMENDED DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR
INTAKE
Fig. Recommended intake structure layout Fig. Filler wall details for proper bay width
INTAKE
The basic design requirements for satisfactory hydraulic
performance of rectangular intake structures include:
• Adequate depth of flow
• Adequate pump bay width
Submergence – A minimum submergence of a pump bell or a
Pipe intakes is required to reduce the probability that strong
free surface air core vortices will occur.
For typical intake geometry and relative uniform approach flow
(i.e low values of flow circulation parameter), data experience
suggests that the following recommeded relationship between
submergence and Froude Number corresponds to an acceptable
vortex strength.

INTAKE
S = D(1.0 + 2.3FD)

Where,
S= Minimum Submergence,
FD= Froude Number, representing the ratio of inertial to
gravitational forces, can be defined for pump
V = Velocity at suction inlet = Flow/Area, based on D
D = Outside diameter of bell or pipe inlet
g = gravitational acceleration

INTAKE
Sump dimensions specifies in multiples of pump bell

diameters “D” which ensures geometric similarities of
hydraulic boundaries and flow patterns.
There is some variation in bell velocity among pump types and
manufacturers.
Variations in bell inlet velocity are of secondary importance to
maintaining acceleration of the flow and converging
streamlines into the pump bell

INTAKE
Trash Racks and screen - A grating for retaining floating objects
from water entering a pump.
• Partially clogged trash racks or screens can create severely
skewed flow patterns
• must be inspected and cleaned as frequently as necessary to
prevent adverse effects on flow patterns.
• Through-flow traveling screens generally do not clog to the
point where flow disturbances occur
• Therefore may be located such that Y is 4.0D or more in
dimension.
• For non-selfcleaning trash racks or stationary screens, the
dimension Y shall be increased to a minimum of 5.0D.

INTAKE
DESCRIPTION RECOMMENDE VALUE
Distance from the pump inlet bell centerline to the

A = 5D
intake structure entrance
Distance from the back wall to the pump inlet bell B = 0.75D
centerline
Distance between the inlet bell and floor C = 0.3D to 0.5D
Inlet bell design outside diameter D
Pump inlet bay entrance width W = 2D
Pump inlet bay length X = 5D
Distance from pump inlet bell centerline to the through- Y = 4D

flow traveling screen
Distance from pump inlet bell centerline to diverging Z1 = 5D
walls
Distance from inlet bell centerline to sloping floor Z2 = 5D

INTAKE
DESCRIPTION RECOMMENDED VALUE
Length of constricted bay section near the pump

inlet a = 2.5D
Minimum liquid depth H=S+C
Minimum height of constricted bay section near the h=2.5D

pump inlet bell
Minimum pump inlet bell submergence S = D(1.0 + 2.3 FD)
α = –10 to +10 degrees α = –10 to +10 degrees
Angle of wall convergence β = 0 to +10 degrees
Angle of convergence from constricted area to bay φ = 10 degrees

walls

REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR PROBLEM
INTAKES
The characteristics of the flow approaching an intake structure is one of the foremost
considerations for the designer.
When determining direction and distribution of flow at the entrance to a pump
intake structure, the following must be considered:
• The orientation of the structure relative to the body of supply liquid
• Whether the structure is recessed from, flush with, or protrudes beyond the
boundaries of the body of supply liquid
• Strength of currents in the body of supply liquid perpendicular to the direction of
approach to the pumps
• The number of pumps required and their anticipated operating combinations

INTAKES
Open Vs Partitioned Structure
• If multiple pumps are installed in a single intake structure, dividing
walls placed between the pumps result in more favorable flow
conditions than found in open sumps.
• Open sumps, with no dividing walls, have been used with varying
levels of success, but adverse flow patterns can frequently occur if
dividing walls are not used.
• Trench type is a type of open sump.
• Open sumps are particularly susceptible to cross-currents and
non-uniform approach flow patterns.
• Even if approach flow at the entrance to the structure is uniform,
open sumps result in non-uniform flow patterns approaching
some of the pumps.
Fig. Comparison of flow patterns in open and partitioned sumps
INTAKES
Open Vs Partitioned Structure
• the dashed line at the wing walls shows a rounded entrance
configuration that minimizes flow separation near the entrance to
the outer pump bays.
• In open sumps flow may enter the structure uniformly with
respect to the centerline of the structure.
• the location of the two operating pumps is not symmetrical with
respect to the centerline of the structure,
• flow separates from the right wall of the structure and approaches
pump 2 with a tangential velocity component, greatly increasing
the probability of unacceptable levels of pre-swirl.
Fig. Comparison of flow patterns in open and partitioned sumps

INTAKES
Fig,. Examples of approach flow conditions at intake structures

Fig. Examples of pump approach flow patterns for various
and the resulting effect on velocity, all pumps operating combinations of operating pumps
WATER & Internal
Sensitivity: LNT Construction EFFLUENT
Use TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC ANSI/HI 9.8-1998 15
INTAKES
Controlling Cross-Flow
• If cross-flow is present, trash racks with elongated bars can provide some assistance in
distribution flow as it enters the pump bay,
• But if the flow profile is skewed when it enters the trash rack, it will be skewed as it exits.
• To be effective in guiding flow, trash racks must be placed flush with the upstream edges
of the pump bay dividing walls.
Fig. Effect of trash rack design and location on velocity distribution entering pump bay
INTAKES
Controlling Cross-Flow
• One or two large guide piers or plates per bay help turn the flow.
• Although distinct flow separation eddies occur at each pier, the eddies are smaller than
the single flow separation (eddy) that would occur along one bay wall.
• Alternatively, a number of smaller columns or structural members may be placed at the
bay entrance, and these are effective in both turning and creating uniform velocity.
Fig. Flow-guiding devices at entrance to individual pump bays

INTAKES
Closed Conduit approach
• Flow may be provided to rectangular intake structures through a conduit.
• When multiple pumps are installed perpendicularly to the influent conduit, the flow
pattern improves.
• Maintaining a small angle divergence of each wall from the influent conduit minimizes
the difficulty in spreading the flow uniformly.
• A series of flow distribution baffles may be installed
to dissipate the energy of the entering flow and force
a diverging and more uniform flow pattern
approaching the pumps.
Fig. Concentrated influent configuration, with and without flow distribution devices

RECOMMENDED DESIGN OF CIRCULAR
INTAKE
• Recommended designs of circular stations are categorized in two groups: duplex and
triplex.
• Stations with four or more pumps are not addressed in the standard because of complex
flow patterns; such designs require a model study.
• Circular pump sumps for flows exceeding 315 l/s (5000 gpm) per pump require a model
test.
NOMENCLATURE
• Cf = Floor clearance
• Cw = Wall clearance
• Cb = Inlet bell or volute clearance (as applicable)
• Ds = Sump diameter
• Db = Inlet bell or volute diameter (as applicable)
• S = Submergence, the vertical distance from minimum sump liquid level to pump inlet,
usually pump inlet bell
INTAKE
Fig. Wet pit duplex sump, Fig. Wet pit duplex sump, in Fig. Dry pit/wet pit duplex sump
pumps in offset line
INTAKE
Floor clearance CF- Recommended floor clearance is between 0.3D and 0.5D
• excessive floor clearance increases the occurrence of stagnant zones as well as the sump
depth at a given submergence.
• Submerged vortices are also sensitive to floor clearance
Wall clearance Cw- minimum clearance between an inlet bell or a pump volute and a sump
wall is 0.25D.
Inlet bell clearance Cb- The minimum clearance between adjacent inlet bells is 0.25D
Inlet bell or volute diameter Db- For submersible and other pumps with a volute in the wet
pit, use the volute diameter.
• For pumps without a volute in the wet pit, use the inlet bell diameter.
Inflow pipe- The inflow pipe shall not be placed at an elevation higher than that shown in
the figures.
• This placement minimizes air entrainment.
• It is important to position the inflow pipe(s) radially and normal to the pumps
INTAKE
Fig. Wet pit triplex sump, Fig. Wet pit triplex sump, Fig. Dry pit/wet pit triplex sump
pumps in line compact
TRENCH TYPE INTAKE
• Design of trench type wet wells using both formed
suction and bell-type pump inlets.
• Trench-type wet wells differ from rectangular
intake structures by the geometry used to form a
transition between the dimensions of the influent
conduit or channel and the wet well itself.
• The purpose of the trench-type wet well is to
shield the pump intakes from the influence of the
concentrated inflow.
• The shielding is accomplished by locating the
inlets well below the invert elevation of the
influent channel or conduit.
Fig. Trench type wet well

TRENCH TYPE INTAKE
• Approach velocity- velocity in the approach
channel or conduit, upstream from the wet well,
shall be no greater than 1.2 m/s
• Width- The recommended width of the bottom of
the trench for trench-type wet wells is 2D
• Intake submergence
• End wall clearance- Clearance between the
centerline of the intake bell and the end walls of
the trench should be 0.75D.
• Floor clearance- Clearance between the floor of
the trench and the rim of the inlet bell shall be
0.3D to 0.5D.
• Centerline spacing- Centerline spacing of adjacent
intake bells shall be no less than 2.5D. Fig. Trench type wet well

FORMED SUCTION INTAKE
• Eliminates the need for the design of sumps with
approach channels and appurtenances to provide
satisfactory flow to a pump.
• design is relatively insensitive to the direction of
approach flow and skewed velocity distribution at
its entrance.
• Wall in FSI opening reduces the tendency for
surface vortices.
Fig. Formed Suction Intake

FORMED SUCTION INTAKE
• Minimum submergence is calculated as follows:
S/D = 1.0 + 2.3 FD
where,
S is the distance from the minimum recommended
liquid level to the centerline of the FSI opening in
the elevation view
D is the diameter of a circle having an area
equivalent to the rectangular FSI opening,
V used in FD, is the average velocity through the

FSI opening
Fig. Formed Suction Intake

SUCTION TANKS
• For partly filled tanks, pressurized or non-pressurized, handling non-solids bearing liquids
where the outflow occurs with or without simultaneous inflow.
• The purpose of this design is to recommend features of tank connections to minimize air or
gas entrainment during the pumping process.
• Due to the formation of vortices inside the tank, air or gas entrainment can occur in pump
suction tanks, even when the tank outlet is totally submerged.
• Severe cases of air entrainment can cause erratic or noisy pump operation or reduction in
pump performance.
• A pump is affected by entrained air that can collect, and in severe cases, block the impeller
eye and cause loss of prime.
• The extent of air entrainment, caused by vortex formation in a suction tank, depends on the
vortex strength, submergence of the tank outlet, and the fluid velocity in the tank outlet.
• Vortices may occur in tanks under vacuum or pressure, whether or not the level is varying or
steady due to inflow.
SUCTION TANKS
•The recommended minimum submergence S of the
outlet fitting below the free surface of the liquid within
the tank to prevent air core vortices,
S/D = 1.0 + 2.3 FD
where:
D = outlet fitting diameter

V = outlet fitting velocity
g = acceleration of gravity

SUCTION TANKS
•If the desired minimum submergence is less
than that calculated by the above relationship,
the outlet size, and therefore fluid velocity, may
be adjusted to reduce the required minimum
submergence.
Fig. Definitions of V and D for calculation of

submergence
Can & Submersible vertical turbine pump intake (clear
liquids)
 The purpose of this section is to establish design criteria of clear liquid intakes for open &
closed bottom can vertical turbine pumps as well as for submersible (well motor driven )
vertical turbine pumps.
 This intake design information is for VT type pumps having specific speed less than 5000.
 Provides guidelines to avoid unfavourable flow conditions for both open bottom and closed
bottom vertical turbine can pump intakes.
Can vertical turbine pump intakes:

 A can pump is a pump that has a barrel around the pumping unit.
• Design considerations:
o Can intake should be designed such that the first stage impeller suction bell inflow
velocity profile is uniform because asymmetrical velocity profile results in hydraulic
disturbances like swirling, submerged vortices and cavitation.
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Sensitivity: LNT Construction Internal Use TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC ANSI/HI 9.8-1998 30
Closed bottom can Submersible vertical turbine pump
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Types of open bottom can intakes:
Example 1:
o This intake configuration is particularly effective when
liquid elevations (pump submergence) is limited.
o Attachment of a vaned elbow to the horizontal header is
recommended to provide hydraulic thrust restraint.
o This turning vane inlet diameter shall be sized to limit
the inflow velocity to 1.5 m/s.
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Example 2:
• In this intake configuration vortex suppressor and

pump are in integral assembly which can be removed
for repair, cleaning and inspection.
• Vortex suppressor is necessary to break up abnormal
flow patterns ahead of the pump suction bell.
• For vertical turbine pumps with rated flow less than
315 l/s the max horizontal header velocity is 1.8 m/s
and the max riser velocity is 1.5 m/s.
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Example 3:
• When vertical riser is located at the end of a suction

header, a vaned elbow must be used to direct flow into
the pumps suction.
• This intake configuration is also effective when pump
submergence is limited.
• Vane inlet diameter shall be sized to limit the inflow
velocity to 1.5 m/s.
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Example 4:
• A long radius elbow may be used at the end of

a suction header to direct flow into the pump
suction when velocities are less than 0.6 m/s.
• Straightening vanes in the elbow are used to
promotes a uniform velocity flow profile.
• To isolate the pump from piping loads, a
flexible joint btw the pump suction and the
elbow is used.
• The joints throughout the pump should be
sealed against leakage by the use of “O” rings,
gaskets, etc.
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Design consideration for closed bottom can pump:
o For all can intakes & for pump capacities greater than 189 l/s,
flow straightening vanes must be provided.
o A pair of vanes should be centred on the inlet to the barrel
and extended to above the normal liquid level or to the top of
the barrel, as applicable. This is done to prevent swirling.
o Surging of the liquid level within the barrel may be a problem
when operating with a partially filled can, because of the
limited volume provided by a can type intake.
WATER AND EFFLUENT

Design criteria for submersible pumps (well motor type):
• It requires a minimum flow of liquid around the immersed motor to provide for
adequate motor cooling for this a shroud is provided to assure proper cooling flow
around the motor.
• The top of the shroud must include a cover to restrict downward flow of liquid, while
allowing for venting of air from the shroud.
• The first stage impeller is located above both the strainer and motor & suction case is
located below the first stage impeller.
• For developing a uniform flow to the first stage impeller, confined flow pathway is
desirable which is provided by the motor cooling shroud.
• Wet pit type submersible is only necessary for flow rates above 315 l/s.
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Unconfined intakes
o It involves the pumps installed on platforms or other structures where the intake lacks
guide walls, walls of a sump or other flow guiding structures.
o Such as intakes on rivers, canals or channels, intakes on lakes and pumps located on
platforms for seawater systems.
 Cross flow velocities and pump location:

• Cross flow velocities shall be less than 25% of the bell velocity.
• If debris or bottom sediments are not a problem, the inlet bell shall be located 0.3 to 0.5 D
above the bottom to minimize submerged vortices.
• For applications where suspension of bottom debris may be a problem, a 5D minimum
clearance is suggested.
• For unconfined intakes, debris is of particular concern. Light debris is accommodated by
screens attached to the pump bell. A barrier is also required to protect the pump from large
floating debris.
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Intake structures for solids-bearing liquids:
• The objective of this standard is to introduce special design features for wet wells used in
solid-bearing liquid applications in order to eliminate or minimize solids accumulations,
thereby reducing maintenance.
• This standard specifically used when the pumped liquids contains solids that may float or
settle in the wet well. Fluids such as wastewater, industrial discharges, storm or canal
drainage, combined wastewater and some raw water supplies are included in this.
 Principles:
• The main principle is to minimize horizontal surfaces in the wet well anywhere but
directly within the influence of the pump inlets.
• Directing all solids to a location where they can be removed by the pumping
equipment.
• Vertical or steeply sloped sides should be provided for the transition from upstream
conduits or channels to pump inlets.
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 Vertical transitions:
• Transitions btw levels in wet wells for solid bearing liquids shall be at steep angles to
prevent solids accumulations and promote movements of the material to a location
within the influence of the currents entering the pump intakes.
• Horizontal surfaces should be eliminated where possible except near the pump inlet.
 Cleaning procedure:
• Both settled and floating solids are removed by the pumping equipment and
discharged to the force main (discharge conduit).
• This cleaning procedure momentarily subjects the pumps to vibration, dry running
and other severe conditions.
• Alternatively, liquid jets or mixers positioned to create horizontal and vertical
currents, can be used intermittently or continuously to maintain suspension and
direct floating and settled solids towards the pump intakes. The solids are swept into
the pump intake for removal.
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Design criteria for trench- type wet wells for solid bearing
liquids:
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• The purpose of this section is to establish criteria for design of trench-type wet wells for
solids-bearing liquids such as stormwater, wastewater, and canal type pumping stations.
 Open trench design:
• Inlet transition:
o The ogee spillway transition at the inlet to the wet well trench is designed to
convert potential energy in the influent liquids to kinetic energy during the wet
well cleaning cycle.
o To produce smooth flow down the ogee ramp and avoid standing waves, the
discharge under the sluice gate should be uniform in depth across the 2D width
of the trench. Either (1) a short transition from a circular to a rectangular section,
(2) a short rectangular recess in front of the sluice gate is recommended.
• Inlet floor clearance:
o All bell type pump inlets, except that farthest from the wet well inlet, shall be
located D/2 above the floor of the wet well trench.
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o The inlet for the last pump shall be located D/4 above the floor of the trench.
o For pumps that may be sensitive to loss of prime, the last pump inlet can be lowered by
D/4 provided the floor near the intake is lowered by the same amount.
 Fin type floor splitters aligned with the axis of the trench are recommended.
 An anti-rotation baffle at the last pump inlet is needed to ensure satisfactory
performance during the cleaning cycle.
• Cleaning procedure:
o It can be cleaned readily by stopping all pumps to store enough liquid for the cleaning
process in the upstream conduit.
o When the sufficient liquid is available, flow into the wet well should be limited to
approximately 75% of the flow rate of the last pump in the trench by adjusting sluice
gate.
o The pumps are operated to lower the liquid level to a minimum as rapidly as possible
such that the stored liquid volume is sufficient to complete the cleaning cycle.
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o As the liquid level in the wet well falls, the liquid attains supercritical velocity as it flows
down the ogee spillway, and a hydraulic jump is formed at the toe.
o As the hydraulic jump moves along the bottom of the trench, the jump and the swift
currents suspend the settled solids, causing them to be pumped from the trench.
o As the hydraulic jump passes under each pump intake, the pump loses prime and should
be stopped.
 Circular plan wet pit for solids-bearing liquids:
• Removal of floating solids can only be accomplished when liquid surface area is at a
minimum and the pump intake submergence is low enough to create a strong surface
vortex.
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Circular wet pit with sloping walls and minimized horizontal floor area
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Rectangular wet wells for solids-bearing liquids:
• Generally the geometry of rectangular wet wells is not suited for use with solids-bearing, but
with special provisions for frequent cleaning, they may be acceptable.
• The main objective of this section is to describe several means for minimizing or eliminating
accumulations of solids before they interfere with the operation of the pumps or before they
become septic and generate excessive odours that must be treated.
 Control of sediments:
• Design the wet well to provide currents swift enough to carry settleable solids to the
pump intakes.
• Violent mixing to suspend sediments while the mixture is being removed by the main
pumps.
• Dewatering the wet well and sweeping solids to the pumps with a high-pressure hose.
• Vacuuming both floating and settled solids out of the wet well, usually by an external
pump and hose.
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Confined wet well design
• In this arrangement each suction inlet bell is located in a confined pocket to isolate the
pump from any flow disturbances that might be generated by adjacent pumps, to restrict
the area in which solids can settle, and to maintain higher velocities at the suction inlet in
order to minimize the amount of solids settling out of the flow.
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• Cleaning procedure:
o The majority of floating solids are removed from the sump by operating the pumps
one at a time at full speed while restricting the flow into the wet well to 80-60 % of
the flow rate of the pump at full speed.
o As the liquid level in the wet well falls, swift currents will suspend most of the floating
debris, causing them to be pumped from the trench. The pump will eventually lose
prime and must be stopped immediately.
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PUMP SUCTION PIPING
• This section provides information and design recommendations for suction

piping, required for all pumping applications, except where the pump inlet
is immersed in the liquid.
• Proper design of suction piping is critical in that it determines the
uniformity of flow delivered to the pump.
• Disturbed inflow causes deterioration of pump performance and may
shorten pump life due to vibration and cavitation.
• Discharge piping has virtually no effect on pump performance other than
the head loss that it creates.

 Acceptable velocity ranges for inlet bell diameter
“D”
• The maximum recommended velocity in the suction piping is 2.4 m/s (8.0 ft/s).
Velocities may be increased at the pump suction flange by the use of a gradual
reducer.
• For many common solids-bearing liquids, a velocity of about 1.0 m/s (3.0 ft/s) is
required to prevent sedimentation in horizontal piping.
• A velocity as low as 0.6 m/s (2.0 ft/s) is generally sufficient for organic solids.
Pump Flow Range Q, l/s Recommended Inlet Bell Acceptable Velocity
Design Velocity, m/s Range, m/s
<315 V = 1.7 0.6 ≤ V ≤ 2.7
≥ 315 V = 1.7 0.9 ≤ V ≤ 2.4
< 1260
≥ 1260 V = 1.7 1.2 ≤ V ≤ 2.1

 Recommendations
• The ideal flow entering the pump inlet should be of a uniform velocity
distribution without rotation and stable over time. This ideal flow is often
referred to as undisturbed flow, and it can be achieved by controlling pipe lengths
and the type and location of fittings in the suction piping system.
• The suction piping should be designed such that it is simple with gentle
transitions if changing pipe sizes.
• The effect of disturbed flow conditions at the inlet bell, i.e., at the beginning of
the suction piping, tend to diminish with distance.
• Short suction piping is less effective in moderating disturbances before the flow
reaches the pump.
• Part of the suction piping system can be subjected to pressures below
atmospheric. It is, therefore, important to ensure that all fitting joints are tight,
because air entrainment on the suction side may cause a reduction in pump
performance and can be difficult to detect.

FIG. Recommended suction piping near pump, all pump types
(D = pipe diameter)
FIG. Examples of suction pipe fittings near pump that require
approval of the pump manufacturer
FIG. Recommended suction piping for double suction pumps with the
elbow in the same plane as the impeller shaft
• There shall be no flow disturbing fittings (such as partially open valves, tees, short
radius elbows, etc.) closer than five suction pipe diameters from the pump.
• Fully open, non-flow disturbing valves, vaned elbows, long radius elbows and
reducers are not considered flow disturbing fittings.
• The suction pipe size is usually a larger diameter than the suction fitting on the
pump.
• In such cases, a concentric or eccentric reducer is fitted to accommodate the
difference in pipe size.
• For horizontal suction piping, the flat side of an eccentric reducer shall be located
on the top.
• For vertical piping without bends near the pump, a concentric reducer is
recommended.

 Suction header
• A suction header, also called a

suction manifold, is required when
two or more pumps are fed from
one common suction intake.
• Take-offs directly opposite each
other are not allowed.
• The maximum velocity allowed in
the suction header is 2.4 m/s (8.0
ft/s).

 Submergence
FIG. Common intakes for suction piping showing submergence

datum references

INLET BELL DESIGN DIAMETER (D)
• Designing a sump to achieve favourable inflow to the pump or suction pipe bell
requires control of various sump dimensions relative to the size of the bell.
• Also, the required minimum submergence to prevent strong free-surface vortices
is related to the inlet bell (or pipe) diameter.
• If the pump or pipe suction inlet diameter D has been selected prior to designing
the sump, then the sump design process can proceed without using the
information provided in this section.
• If the pump (or pipe suction inlet) has not been selected, it is recommended that
the inlet bell diameter be chosen based on achieving the bell inlet velocity that
experience indicates provides acceptable inflow conditions to the pump.

315 1260

1260
• Velocities higher than the recommended range are likely to cause hydraulic
problems. Use of lower velocities would produce unnecessarily large pump bells
(or inlet pipes) and, therefore, sumps.
• Bell outside diameter, m
Where,
Q = Flow rate, l/s
V = Average Bell velocity, m/s

REQUIRED SUBMERGENCE FOR MINIMIZING
SURFACE VORTICES
• This section concerns the recommended minimum submergence of a pump bell or
pipe intake to reduce the probability that strong free-surface air core vortices will
occur.
• Submerged vortices are not believed to be related to submergence and are not
considered in this section.
• Approach-flow skewness and the resulting circulation have a controlling influence
on free-surface vortices in spite of adequate submergence.
• Due to the inability to predict and quantify approach flow characteristics for each
particular case without resorting to hydraulic model studies, and the lack of
available correlation between such characteristics and vortex strength,
• The recommended minimum submergence given herein is for a reasonably
uniform approach flow to the pump suction bell or pipe inlet.

 Controlling parameters
• By use of dimensional analysis, it may be shown that a given vortex type, VT, is a
function of various dimensionless parameters.
VT = ƒ(, , S/D, G)
Where,
• VT = vortex type (strength and • = Circulation No., D/Q, of
persistence) approach flow
• ƒ = a function • Γ = Circulation (2πrVt for
• = Froude No. concentric flow about a point
• S = Submergence with a tangential velocity Vt at
• D = Diameter of inlet or bell radius r)
• V = Velocity at inlet (= 4Q/) • g = Gravitation acceleration
• G = Geometry • Q = Flow

• For a given geometry and approach flow pattern, the vortex strength would only
vary with the remaining parameters, that is
VT = ƒ(, S/D)
• For typical intake geometry and relatively uniform approach flow (i.e., low values
of the circulation parameter), data and experience suggests that the following
recommended relationship between submergence and the Froude number
corresponds to an acceptable vortex strength (Hecker, G.E.,1987).
S/D = 1.0 + 2.3
• The recommended minimum submergence for diameter D would be given by
or
Where, S is in meters for g = 9.8 m/sec2, Q in l/s, and D in meters.

MODEL TESTS OF INTAKE
STRUCTURES
A physical hydraulic model study shall be conducted for pump intakes with one or
more of the following features
• Sump or piping geometry (bay width, bell clearances, side wall angles, bottom
slopes, distance from obstructions, the bell diameter or piping changes, etc.) that
deviates from this design standard.
• Non-uniform or non-symmetric approach flow to the pump sump exists (e.g., intake
from a significant cross-flow, use of dual flow or drum screens, or a short radius pipe
bend near the pump suction, etc.).
• The pumps have flows greater than 2520 l/s (40,000 gpm) per pump or the total
station flow with all pumps running would be greater than 6310 l/s (100,000 gpm).
• The pumps of an open bottom barrel or riser arrangement have flows greater than
315 l/s (5000 gpm) per pump.
• Proper pump operation is critical and pump repair, remediation of a poor design, and
the impacts of inadequate performance or pump failure all together would cost more
than ten times the cost of a model study.
 Model similitude and scale selection
Models involving a free surface are operated using Froude similarity since the
flow process is controlled by gravity and inertial forces. The Froude number,
representing the ratio of inertial to gravitational forces, can be defined for pump
intakes as:
Where,
• u = average axial velocity (such as in the suction bell)
• g = gravitational acceleration
• L = a characteristic length (usually bell diameter or submergence)
For similarity of flow patterns, the Froude number shall be equal in model and
prototype:

• In modeling a pump intake to study the potential formation of vortices, it is
important to select a reasonably large geometric scale to minimize viscous and
surface tension scale effects, and to reproduce the flow pattern in the vicinity of
the intake.
• Also, the model shall be large enough to allow visual observations of flow
patterns, accurate measurements of swirl and velocity distribution, and sufficient
dimensional control.
• Realizing that larger models, though more accurate and reliable, are more
expensive, a balancing of these factors is used in selecting a model scale.
• However, the scale selection based on vortex similitude considerations, discussed
below, is a requirement to avoid scale effects and unreliable test results.

Fluid motions involving vortex formation have been studied by several investigators
(Anwar, H.O. et al., 1978; Hecker, G.E., 1981; Padmanabhan, M. and Hecker, G.E., 1984;
Knauss, J., 1987).
It can be shown by the principles of dimensional analysis that such flow conditions at an
intake are governed by the following dimensionless parameters:
uD/Γ, , D/S, uD/ν, and
Where,
• u = average axial velocity (e.g., at the bell
• entrance)
• Γ = circulation of the flow
• D = diameter (of the bell entrance)
• S = submergence (at the bell entrance)
• ν = kinematic viscosity of the liquid
• g = acceleration due to gravity
• σ = surface tension of liquid/air interface
• ρ = liquid density
The influence of viscous effects is defined by the parameter
= R = Reynolds number
And surface tension effects are indicated by
= Weber number
Based on the available literature, the influence of viscous forces and surface
tension on vortexing may be negligible if the values of R and in the model fall
above 3 × and 120, respectively.
With negligible viscous and surface tension effects, dynamic similarity is obtained
by equating the parameters uD/Γ, , and D/S in the model and prototype
For practicality in observing flow patterns and obtaining accurate measurements,
the model scale shall yield a bay width of at least 300 mm (12 inches), a minimum
liquid depth of at least 150 mm (6 inches), and a pump throat or suction diameter
of at least 80 mm (3 inches) in the model.

• In a model of geometric scale , with the model operated based on Froude scaling,
the velocity, flow, and time scales are, respectively:
=/=
= /= =
= /= / =

 Model Scope
• As the approach flow non-uniformities contribute significantly to the circulation
causing pre-swirl and vortices, a sufficient area of the approach geometry or
length of piping has to be modelled, including any channel or piping transitions,
bends, bottom slope changes, control gates, expansions and any significant cross-
flow past the intake.
• All pertinent sump structures or piping features affecting the flow, such as
screens and blockage due to their structural features, trash racks, dividing walls,
columns, curtain walls, flow distributors, and piping transitions must be
modelled.
• Special care should be taken in modeling screens; the screen head loss coefficient
in the model shall be the same as in the prototype. The head loss coefficient is a
function of the screen Reynolds number, the percent open area, and the screen
(wire) geometry.

• The inside geometry of the bell up to the bell throat (section of maximum
velocity) shall be scaled, including any hub located between the bell entrance
and the throat. The bell should be modelled of clear plastic or smooth
fiberglass, the former being preferred for flow visualization.
• The outside shape of the bell may be approximated except in the case of multi-
stage pumps, in which case the external shape may affect flow patterns
approaching the inlet bell.
• The impeller is not included in hydraulic models, as the objective is to evaluate
the effect of the intake design on flow patterns approaching the impeller.
• A straight pipe equal to the throat diameter or pump suction diameter shall
extend at least five diameters downstream from the throat or pump suction.

 Instrumentation and measuring techniques
Flow: The outflow from each simulated pump shall be measured with flow
meters. If an orifice or venturi meter conforming to ASME standards is used, the
meter need not be calibrated. The accuracy of the flow measurement shall be
within ±2% of the actual flow rate.
Liquid Level: Liquid surface elevations shall be measured using any type of liquid
level indicator accurate to at least 3 mm (0.01 ft.) in the model.
Free Surface Vortices:
 To evaluate the strength of vortices at pump intakes systematically, the vortex
strength scale varying from a surface swirl or dimple to an air core vortex,
shown in Figure 9.8.23A, shall be used.
 Vortex types are identified in the model by visual observations with the help
of dye and artificial debris, and identification of a coherent dye core to the
pump bell or pump suction flange is important.
 Photographic or video documentation of vortices is recommended.
FIG A. FREE SURFACE VORTICES FIG B. SUB SURFACE VORTICES
Sub-Surface Vortices:
 Sub-surface vortices usually terminate at the sump floor and walls, and may be
visible only when dye is injected near the vortex core.
 The possible existence of subsurface vortices must be explored by dye injection
at all locations on the wall and floor around the suction bell where a vortex may
form, and documentation of persistence shall be made, as for free surface
vortices.
Pre-Swirl:
 Visual observations of the orientation of eight or more equally spaced yarns
mounted to form a circle equal to the (outer) bell diameter and originating
about one half the bell floor clearance are useful (but not required) to evaluate
qualitatively any pre-swirl at the bell entrance.
 The yarns shall be one half the bell-to-floor clearance in length.
Swirl in the Suction Pipe:
 The intensity of flow rotation shall be measured using a
swirl meter.
 The revolutions per unit time of the swirl meter are used
to calculate a swirl angle, θ, which is indicative of the
intensity of flow rotation.
θ = (πdn/u)
 Flow swirl is generally unsteady, both in direction of
rotation and speed of rotation.
 Swirl meter rotation direction shall also be noted for each
short duration.
 The maximum short duration swirl angle and an average
swirl angle shall be calculated from the swirl meter FIG. Typical swirl meter
rotations.
Velocity Profiles:
 Cross-sectional velocity profiles may be obtained using a propeller meter.
 The cross section location shall be selected to be representative of the
approaching flow prior to being influenced by the pump.
 Pitot static tube is used to determine the axial velocity with a repeatability of
±2% or better.
 To allow velocity fluctuations to be properly measured and recorded versus time,
care should be taken that no unnecessary physical or electronic damping is
introduced.
 The angularity of the actual velocity vector relative to the axis of the pump or
suction piping shall be observed at three or more locations with dye or strings to
ensure that there are no large deviations from axial flow.

 Acceptance criteria
• Free surface and sub-surface vortices entering the pump must be less severe
than vortices with coherent (dye) cores
• Swirl angles, both the short-term (10 to 30 second model) maximum and the
long-term (10 minute model) average indicated by the swirl meter rotation,
must be less than 5 degrees.
• The swirl meter rotation should be reasonably steady, with no abrupt changes
in direction when rotating near the maximum allowable rate (angle).
• Time-averaged velocities at points in the throat of the bell or at the pump
suction in a piping system shall be within 10% of the cross-sectional area
average velocity.

 Report Preparation
The final report of the model study shall include:

• Intake or piping design, model description, scaling and similitude criteria,
instrumentation, test procedure, results (data tabulated and plotted),
recommended modifications and conclusions.
• The report shall contain photographs of the model showing the initial and final
designs, drawings of any recommended modifications, and photographs of
relevant flow conditions identified with dye or other tracers.
• A brief video tape of typical flow problems observed during the tests is
recommended.

Thank You


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ANSI/HI 9.

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Specific hydraulic phenomena that can adversely affect the

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Fig. Rectangular Intake Design

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Fig. Circular Intake Design

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Sump dimensions specifies in multiples of pump bell

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Distance from the pump inlet bell centerline to the

Inlet bell design outside diameter D

Pump inlet bay entrance width W = 2D

Pump inlet bay length X = 5D

Distance from pump inlet bell centerline to the through- Y = 4D

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Length of constricted bay section near the pump

Minimum liquid depth H=S+C

Minimum height of constricted bay section near the h=2.5D

Minimum pump inlet bell submergence S = D(1.0 + 2.3 FD)

α = –10 to +10 degrees α = –10 to +10 degrees

Angle of wall convergence β = 0 to +10 degrees

Angle of convergence from constricted area to bay φ = 10 degrees

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Fig. Comparison of flow patterns in open and partitioned sumps

Fig,. Examples of approach flow conditions at intake structures

Fig. Flow-guiding devices at entrance to individual pump bays

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Fig. Trench type wet well

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Fig. Formed Suction Intake

V used in FD, is the average velocity through the

Fig. Formed Suction Intake

D = outlet fitting diameter

WATER & EFFLUENT TREATMENT IC – WSD EDRC

Fig. Definitions of V and D for calculation of

Can vertical turbine pump intakes:

WATER AND EFFLUENT

• In this intake configuration vortex suppressor and

WATER AND EFFLUENT

• When vertical riser is located at the end of a suction

WATER AND EFFLUENT

• A long radius elbow may be used at the end of

WATER AND EFFLUENT

WATER AND EFFLUENT

WATER AND EFFLUENT

 Cross flow velocities and pump location:

WATER AND EFFLUENT

WATER AND EFFLUENT

WATER AND EFFLUENT

WATER AND EFFLUENT

 Circular plan wet pit for solids-bearing liquids:

WATER AND EFFLUENT

WATER AND EFFLUENT